Buckley and Gullan (1991)concluded that the incidence of coccid parasitization was correlated with the relative inoffensiveness of the attendant ant species in a field study in Australia. These authors measured low parasitism rates (at least 15%) of coccids in the presence of Tapinomaand Iridomyrmex spp. and <10% in the presence of the more aggressive Oecophyllaand Solenopsisspecies. In California,L. humilereduced parasitism and host mutilation of the California red scale by the parasitoids Comperiella bifasciata (Howard) (59.1%) and Aphytis melinusDe Bach (79.5%) in a laboratory trial, even if there were no honeydew-excreting soft scales (Martinez-Ferrer et al., 2003).Itioka and Inoue (1996), in a comparative field investigation, found a 94% decrease of the mealybug Pseudococcus citriculusGreen by natural enemies in the absence of the attendant antLasius niger(L.). Previous (unpublished) studies revealed that more than one ant species and parasitoid species were sampled from the same sites and therefore parasitism rates could not reflect the individual impact of each ant species on mealybug biological control.Anagyrussp. and Coccidoxenoides perminutus(Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are widely distributed primary parasitoids of Planococcusspp. and Pseudococcus spp. (Davies et al., 2004; Triapitsyn et al., 2007), that have been used for classical and augmentative biological control of the vine mealybug and citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri(Risso) in some localities (Daane et al., 2004; Walton and Pringle, 2005).
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