This chapter discusses the topic of chocolate. The purposes of on farm processing of cocoa are manifold. Processing usually consists of fermentation and drying. The fermentation is 2–8 days long depending on bean type, custom, and other factors. Cocoa is fermented in various ways throughout the world depending on the scale of the operation and tradition. The most important result of fermentation is the autolytic process, which occurs within the seed and generates the flavor precursors. Degradation of storage proteins occurred during fermentation-like incubations. The total extractable protein increases slightly from day 0 to day 1. Chocolate manufacturers measure a number of cocoa bean physical properties to judge the overall quality of an incoming lot. It is reasonably well known that peptides and amino acids, sugars, and perhaps polyphenols are important precursors of chocolate flavors, which on roasting produce the characteristic chocolate flavor. All products prepared from milk will have flavors arising from several factors. There are also cocoa substitutes available that are whey based. Cocoa mass, cocoa butter, milk solids, and sugar are the essential components of cocoa and milk chocolate products. Milk fat is well documented as an important component in milk chocolate. Sucrose is a major raw material in chocolate. Chocolate manufacturing is very dependent on sucrose (sugar). In fact, chocolate and confectionery may have become less cost competitive in the marketplace against other foods such as jams and jellies, bakery products, and carbonated sodas, which benefit from sweetener flexibility.