Likert points out that the component parts of the management system should be internally consistent with the overall pattern and philosophy of the organization. Thus, an exploitative-authoritative system displays a steep hierarchical structure, centralized decision-making, top-down communication, tight supervision, man to man rather than group to group relations, performance under pressure, and low degree of employee motivation. On the other hand, the participative management system displays overlapping structures, cross-functional linkages, group decision processes, open authentic three-way communication (up, down and lateral), adaptive supervision and individual and workgroups with a high degree of achievement motivation (Systems 1@4)