All EEG analyses were performed using custom MATLAB code and functions from the EEGLAB Toolbox for MATLAB (57). Raw EEG data were re-referenced to average mastoids, down-sampled to 512 Hz, and high-pass-filtered at 0.5 Hz to optimize independent component analysis (ICA) decomposition. These data were epoched from 1.25 s before the onset of the retrieval item to 2.4 s following the retrieval item, and was baseline-subtracted in the time domain from −200 to 0 ms. Single subject–preprocessed EEG data were next subjected to spectral decomposition using wavelets. Wavelet analysis provides an estimate of the power of a signal with good spectral and temporal resolution (59). Spectral power was computed from 4 to 50 Hz by convolving a Morlet wavelet (cycles = 5.7) with the observed signal at each electrode site. After accounting for edge artifacts associated with time-frequency analysis, we obtained power values from −450 to 900 ms for each stimulus. Spectral domain baseline subtraction was not performed because the prestimulus window, used most commonly for this procedure, is the time of interest in this study. To reduce the number of statistical comparisons, we averaged the resulting spectrograms across time (150-ms time bins) and frequency band (theta: 4–8 Hz; alpha: 9–12 Hz; beta: 13–30 Hz; gamma: 31–50 Hz) before pooling the data across subjects. Further details of the statistical analysis and control analysis performed are available in SI Methods.