Path Determination and Switching Function Details
Can you describe the exact details of what happens to a packet at Layer 2 and Layer 3 as it travels from source to destination? If not, study the animation and follow along with the discussion until you can describe the process on your own.
Click Play to view the animation.
Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2
PC1 encapsulates the IP packet into an Ethernet frame with the destination MAC address of R1's FastEthernet 0/0 interface.
How does PC1 know to forward to packet to R1 and not directly to PC2? PC1 has determined that the IP source and IP destination addresses are on different networks.
PC1 knows the network it belongs to by doing an AND operation on its own IP address and subnet mask, which results in its network address. PC1 does this same AND operation using the packet destination IP address and the PC1 subnet mask. If the result is the same as its own network, PC1 knows that the destination IP address is on its own network and it does not need to forward the packet to the default gateway, the router. If the AND operation results in a different network address, PC1 knows that the destination IP address is not on its own network and that it must forward this packet to the default gateway, the router.
Note: If an AND operation with the destination IP address of the packet and the subnet mask of PC1 results in a different network address than what PC1 has determined to be its own network address, this address does not necessarily reflect the actual remote network address. PC1 only knows that if the destination IP address is on its own network, the masks will be the same and the network addresses would be the same. The mask of the remote network might be a different mask. If the destination IP address results in a different network address, PC1 will not know the actual remote network address - it only knows that it is not on its own network.
How does PC1 determine the MAC address of the default gateway, router R1? PC1 checks its ARP table for the IP address of the default gateway and its associated MAC address.
What if this entry does not exist in the ARP table? PC1 sends an ARP request and router R1 sends back an ARP reply.
Path Determination and Switching Function DetailsCan you describe the exact details of what happens to a packet at Layer 2 and Layer 3 as it travels from source to destination? If not, study the animation and follow along with the discussion until you can describe the process on your own. Click Play to view the animation.Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2PC1 encapsulates the IP packet into an Ethernet frame with the destination MAC address of R1's FastEthernet 0/0 interface.How does PC1 know to forward to packet to R1 and not directly to PC2? PC1 has determined that the IP source and IP destination addresses are on different networks. PC1 knows the network it belongs to by doing an AND operation on its own IP address and subnet mask, which results in its network address. PC1 does this same AND operation using the packet destination IP address and the PC1 subnet mask. If the result is the same as its own network, PC1 knows that the destination IP address is on its own network and it does not need to forward the packet to the default gateway, the router. If the AND operation results in a different network address, PC1 knows that the destination IP address is not on its own network and that it must forward this packet to the default gateway, the router.Note: If an AND operation with the destination IP address of the packet and the subnet mask of PC1 results in a different network address than what PC1 has determined to be its own network address, this address does not necessarily reflect the actual remote network address. PC1 only knows that if the destination IP address is on its own network, the masks will be the same and the network addresses would be the same. The mask of the remote network might be a different mask. If the destination IP address results in a different network address, PC1 will not know the actual remote network address - it only knows that it is not on its own network.How does PC1 determine the MAC address of the default gateway, router R1? PC1 checks its ARP table for the IP address of the default gateway and its associated MAC address.What if this entry does not exist in the ARP table? PC1 sends an ARP request and router R1 sends back an ARP reply.
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