Except for those who live near cadmium-emitting industries, inhalation of cadmium in the ambient air may occur but is not a major source of exposure. Smokers and people living in contaminated areas have higher urinary cadmium concentrations, with smokers having about twice as high concentrations as nonsmokers [35]. Blood cadmium tends to reflect recent exposures and urinary cadmium reflects cumulative cadmium exposure and body burden (particularly, kidney cadmium levels). Sensitive areas are the kidney and bone following oral exposure, and the kidney and lung following inhalation exposure. Effects that have been observed in humans and/or animals include reproductive toxicity, hepatic ef- fects, hematological effects, and immunological effects. Although acute pulmonary effects and deaths are uncommon, sporadic cases still occur [36].