Liquid or gas flow through pipes or ducts is commonly used in heating and
cooling applications and fluid distribution networks. The fluid in such applications
is usually forced to flow by a fan or pump through a flow section.
We pay particular attention to friction, which is directly related to the pressure
drop and head loss during flow through pipes and ducts. The pressure
drop is then used to determine the pumping power requirement. A typical
piping system involves pipes of different diameters connected to each other
by various fittings or elbows to route the fluid, valves to control the flow
rate, and pumps to pressurize the fluid.