Because HVAC cables suffer electricity losses over distance,HVDC has been used for connecting far offshore wind-farms. These are mainly in German waters because their near-shore is restricted on habitat grounds. In theory, this means they are more easily ‘meshed’ with grids at sea which also use HVDC. However, this German topology is not typical. The majority of European marine renewable projects remainnear shore and well within the 90 km range of conventional HVAC transmission systems. Most British, Danish, Dutch offshore wind-farms have avoided this expensive German technology pathway.