1. Intr oduction
Low-temperature waste heat has been generally discharged in several industrial processes due to the lack of
effective methods to recover it. In addition, the discharged
waste heat contributes to thermal pollution and therefore
becomes an environmental problem [1]. Similarly, the
increased consumption of fossil fuels has also caused environmental problems such as ozone depletion, global warming, and air pollution [2,3]. A solution for these problems is
the use of alternative renewable technologies that are environment friendly and also are able to recover low-temperature waste heat to generate electricity. One of these
technologies can be organic Rankine cycles (ORC) which
uses an organic fluid to recover low-temperature waste heat
and to generate electricity. ORC can be used in geothermal
plants with low energy content, solar applications, in the
recovery and use of waste heat such as combined heat
and power (CHP) plants (especially those utilizing biomass
as fuel), and general heat recovery applications from many
potential sources.
The selection of the working fluid is critical to achieve
high-thermal efficiencies as well as optimum utilization of
the available heat source. Also, the organic working fluid
must be carefully selected based on safety and technical
feasibility. There is a wide selection of organic fluids that
could be used in ORC applications. Maizza and Maizza
[4], Vijayaraghavan and Goswami [5], and Maizza and
Maizza [6] are some of the researchers who have reported
performances and characteristics of different working fluids
for waste heat recovery systems. Some important characteristics of a good organic working fluid are low toxicity,
good material compatibility and fluid stability limits [7],
and low flammability, corrosion, and fouling characteristics. Refrigerants are good candidates for ORC applications primarily due to their low-toxicity characteristics
[8]. Another characteristic that must be considered during
the selection of an organic fluid is its saturation vapor
curve. This characteristic affects the fluid applicability,
cycle efficiency, and arrangement of associated equipmen
1. Intr oduction
Low-temperature waste heat has been generally discharged in several industrial processes due to the lack of
effective methods to recover it. In addition, the discharged
waste heat contributes to thermal pollution and therefore
becomes an environmental problem [1]. Similarly, the
increased consumption of fossil fuels has also caused environmental problems such as ozone depletion, global warming, and air pollution [2,3]. A solution for these problems is
the use of alternative renewable technologies that are environment friendly and also are able to recover low-temperature waste heat to generate electricity. One of these
technologies can be organic Rankine cycles (ORC) which
uses an organic fluid to recover low-temperature waste heat
and to generate electricity. ORC can be used in geothermal
plants with low energy content, solar applications, in the
recovery and use of waste heat such as combined heat
and power (CHP) plants (especially those utilizing biomass
as fuel), and general heat recovery applications from many
potential sources.
The selection of the working fluid is critical to achieve
high-thermal efficiencies as well as optimum utilization of
the available heat source. Also, the organic working fluid
must be carefully selected based on safety and technical
feasibility. There is a wide selection of organic fluids that
could be used in ORC applications. Maizza and Maizza
[4], Vijayaraghavan and Goswami [5], and Maizza and
Maizza [6] are some of the researchers who have reported
performances and characteristics of different working fluids
for waste heat recovery systems. Some important characteristics of a good organic working fluid are low toxicity,
good material compatibility and fluid stability limits [7],
and low flammability, corrosion, and fouling characteristics. Refrigerants are good candidates for ORC applications primarily due to their low-toxicity characteristics
[8]. Another characteristic that must be considered during
the selection of an organic fluid is its saturation vapor
curve. This characteristic affects the fluid applicability,
cycle efficiency, and arrangement of associated equipmen
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