Additionally, there are also hints of immune-modulating effects on the intestinal epithelial
immune response via E. faecium (Mafamane et al., 2011; Scharek et al., 2005). Support for this
hypothesis has been found in still unpublished results of co-workers where a dysregulation in
expressional patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, both in the intestinal and spleen
tissue of E. faecium-fed piglets, has been discovered (Siepert et al., 2013).