In the case of financial institutions, the risk of fund operations is continuously monitored by the investors who provide the funds, the supervisory institution, and the credit rating agencies. Thus, risk management regarding major insolvent loans is considered to be one of the key requirements for management stability. The view that continuous monitoring by investors and other concerned persons provides an incentive to manage risk was previously proposed by Goodfriend and King (1988), Calomiris (1999), Dinger and von Hagen (2009), Huang and Ratnovski (2010), and Archarya, Gale and Yorulmazer (2011). To support the above view, business stability evaluation factors can collectively be termed as “loan soundness meaning financial soundness on debt.”
Financial institutions need to maintain a certain level of liquidity to be able to adequately respond to depositors’ unexpected withdrawals. As Song and Thakor (2007) noted, the fact that depositors possess core deposits for liquidity purposes shows the importance of liquidity management in maintaining business stability. In particular, because the increase in liquidity risk of a certain financial institution can spread to the whole group of financial institutions, as argued by Acharya et al. (2011), liquidity is recognised as a major factor in determining the business stability of financial institutions.
As suggested by the aforementioned studies, the business stability of financial institutions should be considered in terms of profitability, capital adequacy, loan soundness, and liquidity. In other words, ensuring the stability of a financial institution means having the ability to generate sufficient revenue as well as maintaining sufficient assets to provide against losses. Furthermore, business stability can be maintained when a financial institution has assets with a low risk of insolvency and is able to smoothly procure emergency funding.