3.5. Estimated energy consumption for different manufacturing processes
The energy and mass balance for the three experimental production processes are shown in Table 3. The result shows the total specific energies for pre-heating, separation, mixing/standardization, pasteurization and homogenization in each processing scenario ranges from 102.0 to 117.6 kW h/kL. Table 4 shows a reduction in energy, cost and carbon emission of alternate processes with partial or no homogenization compared to the reference process where 100% of full-cream milk was homogenized (Powder 2). Detailed discussions of these results are shown below