The DPSIR is primarily focused on the environment and was designed to develop environmental indicators (Table 1).
The DPSIR also considers the effects of the environment on human health, although they are not the primary focus of the framework [8,13].
The major limitations of DPSIR are: (i) focusing on the environment and development of environmental indicators, and impacts from environmental degradation; (ii) focusing on anthropogenic drivers and pressures, omitting the impacts from natural disturbances; and (iii) not differentiating dynamic processes that occur between exposure and effects.
Due to the limited description of the exposure route (Table 1), the DPSIR cannot identify within this
route multiple entry points for action. A further criticism is DPSIR’s tendency to portray the interaction between human activity and the environment as a unidirectionaland linear relationship [11-17].