3. Advantages of hybrid system versus stand-alone system
Some of the prior studies on hybrid schemes of fuel cell systems
by Abdullah et al. had demonstrated the feasibility and
superiority of hybrid systems compared to stand-alone systems for
various applications other than effluent or waste water treatment
. Some of the notable advantages are:
(1) more stable and sustainable voltage generated,
(2) better overall treatment efficiency, and
(3) energy saving potential
MFCs are capable of recovering the potential energy present in
wastewater and converting it directly into electricity . Using
MFCs may help offset wastewater treatment operating costs and
make advanced wastewater treatment more affordable for both
developing and industrialized nations .