IDTLs’ beliefs about public involvement were categorized into three primary points of view. Substantive public involvement most closely reflects agency guidance that public comments should be “substantive,” or focused on incorporating points of fact from the public into agency analyses. Meanwhile, normative public involvement focuses on incorporating values, opinions, and preferences of the public into agency decision-making. A single item represented a third point of view e the extent to which IDTLs agreed or disagreed with the following statement: “Public involvement is a procedural requirement that rarely contributes meaningfully to making better land management decisions.”