Foundation
Student progress through series of 3 stages. The stages are the cognitive, the associate, and the autonomous.
The cognitive
The students observe and remember information.
The associate
The students strengthen the representation and need supporting from outside when performing the task.
The autonomous
The students can work the task automatically.
Cummins (1980; 1981; 1996) two kinds of English proficient for ESL students, BICS is conversation, and CALP is academic literacy skill and understand complex
High BICS English needs strong CALP for successful.