(a) Block copolymer micelle templating for mesoporous inorganic materials. Block copolymer micelles form a hexagonal array, silicate species (in blue) then occupy the spaces between the cylinders. The removal of the micelle template leaves hollow cylinders.
(b) Block copolymer matrix for nanoporous materials. Block copolymers form a hexagonal cylinder phase in a bulk or thin film state. Subsequent crosslinking fixes the matrix. Hollow channels are generated by removing the minor phase.
(c) Rod-coil block copolymer for microporous materials. Solution-cast micellar films consist of multilayers of hexagonally ordered arrays of spherical holes. (Adapted from85 and reprinted with permission