Over the life of the project there have been both individual and team attempts to model the influence
of successful principal leadership on student learning. These models have been developed by two
Australian groups, from doctoral research supervised by the Australian researchers in Singapore and
Indonesia, and from the Cyprus research group full accounts of these models can be found in [11,42–58].
Across most of these models from the four countries, establishing collective direction, developing people
and improving teaching and learning are common and explicit, and implicitly there is a sense of being
able to lead change. All of these attributes are common to mainstream views of school leadership
such as that developed by Leithwood and colleagues (e.g., [19]), and confirmed in the early phases of
the ISSPP (e.g., [20]). Nuanced differences in leadership are found in the emphasis on developing teacher
capacity in the Australian models, on the development of self, acknowledgement of leadership legacy
and engaging with the context in the Singapore model, the broad school outcomes and cultural values in
the Indonesian model, and creative leadership needed to balance competing values within constrained
contexts in Cyprus. Engaging with and influencing context seems important to most models.
Figure 1 synthesizes and extends these ISSPP model-building efforts using, as its main point of
departure, a model first described in Gurr, Drysdale and Mulford [48]. This model has two overarching
organisers. One of these organizers is the distinction between the why, how and what of successful
school leadership articulated by Mulford and Johns [50]. The second organizer is the three impact
“levels” from Gurr et al. [46]; these levels moving from the least direct impact on learning outcomes
(level 3, impact of the wider school context), to level 2 (impact of leadership in the school), and level 1
(impact of teaching and learning).
Over the life of the project there have been both individual and team attempts to model the influence of successful principal leadership on student learning. These models have been developed by two Australian groups, from doctoral research supervised by the Australian researchers in Singapore and Indonesia, and from the Cyprus research group full accounts of these models can be found in [11,42–58].Across most of these models from the four countries, establishing collective direction, developing people and improving teaching and learning are common and explicit, and implicitly there is a sense of being able to lead change. All of these attributes are common to mainstream views of school leadership such as that developed by Leithwood and colleagues (e.g., [19]), and confirmed in the early phases of the ISSPP (e.g., [20]). Nuanced differences in leadership are found in the emphasis on developing teacher capacity in the Australian models, on the development of self, acknowledgement of leadership legacy and engaging with the context in the Singapore model, the broad school outcomes and cultural values in the Indonesian model, and creative leadership needed to balance competing values within constrained contexts in Cyprus. Engaging with and influencing context seems important to most models.Figure 1 synthesizes and extends these ISSPP model-building efforts using, as its main point of departure, a model first described in Gurr, Drysdale and Mulford [48]. This model has two overarching organisers. One of these organizers is the distinction between the why, how and what of successful school leadership articulated by Mulford and Johns [50]. The second organizer is the three impact “levels” from Gurr et al. [46]; these levels moving from the least direct impact on learning outcomes (level 3, impact of the wider school context), to level 2 (impact of leadership in the school), and level 1 (impact of teaching and learning).
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