a concomitantreductionofoxygentowat

a concomitantreductionofoxygentowaterthrougharadical-
catalyzedreactionmechanism(Bourbonnaisetal., 1997). The
functionsoflaccasesarediverse.Theyareinvolvedinbothlignin
biosynthesisandlignindegradation,pigmentformationinfun-
galspores,plantpathogenesis,andasfungalvirulencefactors,
in ironmetabolismandkernelbrowningprocessesinplants
(Hoodetal., 2003; Higuchi, 2004; HoopesandDean, 2004;
ZhuandWilliamson, 2004). Laccasewasfirstdiscoveredinthe
Japaneselacquertree Rhusvernicifera in thenineteenthcentury
(Yoshida, 1883). Althoughlaccasesarepresentinhigherplants,
fungi,bacteria,andinsects,themoststudiedgroupofenzymesto
dateisfromfungalorigin,includingthegeneraofAscomycetes,
Deuteromycetes,Basidiomycetes,andcellulolyticfungi(Hatakka,
1994; Schneideretal., 1999; Pandeyetal., 2001; Baldrian, 2006;
Sharmaetal., 2007). Amongthese,laccasesfromthewhite-rot
basidiomycetes(white-rotfungi)suchas Trametes(Coriolus)ver-
sicolor, T.hirsuta, T.ochracea, T.villosa, T.gallica, Phlebiaradiata,
Coriolopsispolyzona, Lentinusedodes, Pleurotusostreatus, Pycno-
poruscinnabarinus, Coprinuscinereus, etc.,aremostfrequently
describedandreported(Baldrian, 2006). Thefirstcharacterized
ascomyceteenzymewasfromMonocilliumindicum (Thakkeretal.,
1992). Fungallaccasesareresponsiblefordetoxification,fructifi-
cation,sporulation,phytopathogenicity,andlignindegradation
(WidstenandKandelbauer, 2008). White-rotfungihaveastrong
abilitytodegradeligninduetothehighlaccaseactivitytheypro-
duce,andtotheirwelldevelopedhyphalorganizationthatcan
efficientlypenetrateplantcellwalls(GroveandBracker, 1970).
Comparedtofungallaccases,bacteriallaccasesaregenerally
morestableathighpHandtemperatures(Table1). Whereas
fungallaccasescanbebothintra-andextra-cellular,bacter-
ial laccasesarepredominantlyintracellular,suchas Azospiril-
lum lipoferum, Marinomonasmediterranea, and Bacillussubtilis
(Rosconietal., 2005; McMahonetal., 2007). Todate,onlythree

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

concomitantreductionofoxygentowaterthrougharadical-catalyzedreactionmechanism (Bourbonnaisetal. 1997) การfunctionsoflaccasesarediverse Theyareinvolvedinbothligninbiosynthesisandlignindegradation, pigmentformationinfun-galspores, plantpathogenesis, andasfungalvirulencefactorsใน ironmetabolismandkernelbrowningprocessesinplants(Hoodetal. 2003 Higuchi, 2004 HoopesandDean, 2004ZhuandWilliamson, 2004) LaccasewasfirstdiscoveredintheJapaneselacquertree Rhusvernicifera ใน thenineteenthcentury(โยชิดะ 1883) Althoughlaccasesarepresentinhigherplantsเชื้อรา แบคทีเรีย andinsects, themoststudiedgroupofenzymestodateisfromfungalorigin, includingthegeneraofAscomycetesDeuteromycetes, Basidiomycetes, andcellulolyticfungi (Hatakkaปี 1994 Schneideretal. 1999 Pandeyetal. 2001 Baldrian, 2006Sharmaetal., 2007) Amongthese, laccasesfromthewhite เน่าbasidiomycetes(white-rotfungi) ชาย ver Trametes (Coriolus) -sicolor, T.hirsuta, T.ochracea, T.villosa, T.gallica, PhlebiaradiataCoriolopsispolyzona, Lentinusedodes, Pleurotusostreatus, Pycno-poruscinnabarinus, Coprinuscinereus, aremostfrequently ฯลฯdescribedandreported (Baldrian, 2006) ThefirstcharacterizedascomyceteenzymewasfromMonocilliumindicum (Thakkeretal.,1992) . Fungallaccasesareresponsiblefordetoxification, fructifi -รก sporulation, phytopathogenicity, andlignindegradation(WidstenandKandelbauer, 2008) สีขาว-rotfungihaveastrongabilitytodegradeligninduetothehighlaccaseactivitytheypro-duce, andtotheirwelldevelopedhyphalorganizationthatcanefficientlypenetrateplantcellwalls (GroveandBracker, 1970)Comparedtofungallaccases, bacteriallaccasesaregenerallymorestableathighpHandtemperatures(Table1) ในขณะที่fungallaccasescanbebothintra-andextra-โทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ bacter-ial laccasesarepredominantlyintracellular ชาย Azospiril-ลำ lipoferum, Marinomonasmediterranea และ Bacillussubtilis(Rosconietal. 2005 McMahonetal., 2007) Todate, onlythree

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 2:

concomitantreductionofoxygentowaterthrougharadical-
catalyzedreactionmechanism (Bourbonnaisetal., 1997)
functionsoflaccasesarediverse.Theyareinvolvedinbothlignin
biosynthesisandlignindegradation, pigmentformationinfun-
galspores, plantpathogenesis, andasfungalvirulencefactors,
ใน ironmetabolismandkernelbrowningprocessesinplants
(Hoodetal 2003. Higuchi 2004; HoopesandDean 2004;
ZhuandWilliamson, 2004) Laccasewasfirstdiscoveredinthe
Japaneselacquertree Rhusvernicifera ใน thenineteenthcentury
(โยชิดะ, 1883) Althoughlaccasesarepresentinhigherplants,
เชื้อรา, แบคทีเรีย andinsects, themoststudiedgroupofenzymesto
dateisfromfungalorigin, includingthegeneraofAscomycetes,
Deuteromycetes, Basidiomycetes, andcellulolyticfungi (Hatakka,
1994. Schneideretal 1999. Pandeyetal 2001; Baldrian, 2006
. Sharmaetal 2007) Amongthese, laccasesfromthewhite เน่า
Basidiomycetes (สีขาว rotfungi) suchas Trametes (Coriolus) ver-
Sicolor, T.hirsuta, T.ochracea, T.villosa, T.gallica, Phlebiaradiata,
Coriolopsispolyzona, Lentinusedodes, Pleurotusostreatus, Pycno-
poruscinnabarinus, Coprinuscinereus, ฯลฯ aremostfrequently
describedandreported (Baldrian 2006) Thefirstcharacterized
ascomyceteenzymewasfromMonocilliumindicum (Thakkeretal.,
1992) Fungallaccasesareresponsiblefordetoxification, fructifi-
ไอออนบวก, สร้างสปอร์, phytopathogenicity, andlignindegradation
(WidstenandKandelbauer 2008) ขาว rotfungihaveastrong
abilitytodegradeligninduetothehighlaccaseactivitytheypro-
Duce, andtotheirwelldevelopedhyphalorganizationthatcan
efficientlypenetrateplantcellwalls (GroveandBracker, 1970).
Comparedtofungallaccases, bacteriallaccasesaregenerally
morestableathighpHandtemperatures (Table1) ในขณะที่
fungallaccasescanbebothintra-andextra เซลล์, ศึกษาแบคทีเรีย
laccasesarepredominantlyintracellular ial, suchas Azospiril-
ลุม lipoferum, Marinomonasmediterranea และ Bacillussubtilis
(Rosconietal 2005;.. McMahonetal 2007) todate, onlythree

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

เป็น concomitantreductionofoxygentowaterthrougharadical -catalyzedreactionmechanism ( bourbonnaisetal . , 1997 ) ที่theyareinvolvedinbothlignin functionsoflaccasesarediverse .biosynthesisandlignindegradation pigmentformationinfun - ,galspores plantpathogenesis andasfungalvirulencefactors , , ,ใน ironmetabolismandkernelbrowningprocessesinplants( hoodetal . , 2003 ; กูชิ , 2004 ; hoopesanddean , 2004 ;zhuandwilliamson , 2004 ) laccasewasfirstdiscoveredinthejapaneselacquertree rhusvernicifera ใน thenineteenthcentury( โยชิดะ 1883 ) althoughlaccasesarepresentinhigherplants ,เชื้อรา แบคทีเรีย andinsects themoststudiedgroupofenzymesto ,dateisfromfungalorigin includingthegeneraofascomycetes , ,ดิวเตอโรไมซีตีส andcellulolyticfungi ( hatakka Basidiomycetes , , ,1994 ; schneideretal . , 1999 ; pandeyetal . , 2001 ; baldrian , 2006 ;sharmaetal . , 2007 ) amongthese laccasesfromthewhite เน่า ,Basidiomycetes ( สีขาว rotfungi ) คือ trametes ( coriolus ) ? ? ? ? ? -sicolor t.hirsuta t.ochracea , , t.villosa t.gallica phlebiaradiata , , , ,coriolopsispolyzona lentinusedodes pleurotusostreatus หนา , , ,poruscinnabarinus coprinuscinereus aremostfrequently , ฯลฯdescribedandreported ( baldrian , 2006 ) thefirstcharacterizedascomyceteenzymewasfrommonocilliumindicum ( thakkeretal .1992 ) fungallaccasesareresponsiblefordetoxification fructifi - ,ในการ phytopathogenicity andlignindegradation , , ,( widstenandkandelbauer , 2008 ) rotfungihaveastrong สีขาวabilitytodegradeligninduetothehighlaccaseactivitytheypro -ดูส andtotheirwelldevelopedhyphalorganizationthatcan ,efficientlypenetrateplantcellwalls ( groveandbracker , 1970 )comparedtofungallaccases bacteriallaccasesaregenerally ,morestableathighphandtemperatures ( table1 ) ในขณะที่fungallaccasescanbebothintra เสริม bacter - มือถือlaccasesarepredominantlyintracellular azospiril - ไม่ คือลำ lipoferum marinomonasmediterranea และ Bacillus subtilis ,( rosconietal . , 2005 ; mcmahonetal . , 2007 ) ถึงวันที่ onlythree ,