by the number of components influencing the organization's efforts.' The more complex the environment. the more difficult it is to make effective decisions. Second. environmental turbulence involves the dynamism or rate of change in the relevant environments. In stable environment. the degree a of change can be relatively slow and predictable. A turbulent environment is characterized by rapid and difficult to predict changes. Environmental complexity and turbulence are especially critical when the firm analyzes its macro. and task environments. since both of these are external to the firm.