Indonesia's most severely mentally ill patients can be so aggressive that their families and communities - desperate in the absence of basic mental healthcare - bind their ankles with chains or keep them in wooden stocks for months or years.
Trapped in restraints or in isolation rooms, many wallow in their own filth and suffer such acute muscular atrophy that they are unable to walk or sit.
Indonesia has an extensive healthcare infrastructure, but mental healthcare remains scarce, especially in rural, remote areas, so families and communities keep the mentally ill under control with physical restraints and confinement - known locally as "pasung" - to prevent the individuals from hurting themselves or others.