Similarly, the objective in Article 9 of the Berne Convention and the three-step test were incorporated into the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) by reference. Pursuant to Article 1 of the WCT, the contracting parties shall comply with Article 1 to 21 of the Berne Convention. Like the TRIPS Agreement, the WCT not only requires its contracting parties to comply with Article 9 of the Berne convention by reference but also reiterates the words of Article 9(2) again in its Article 10 so that contracting parties may provide for national exceptions to the rights granted to authors of the works under the WCT, but that such exceptions shall nevertheless be subject to the control of the three-step test embodied in Article 10. Moreover, the preamble to the WCT clarifies that the contracting parties shall recognize; 'the need to maintain a balance between the rights of authors and the larger public interests, particularly education, research and access to information, as reflected in the Berne Convention.