In practical terms, this model depicts factors that are associated with
IT use in the classroom and that may have positive or negative effects (i.e.,
increase or decrease) on TDS. The outcome variable, TDS, resides at the
classroom level and represents the frequency with which teachers direct
their students to use technology in the classroom during instruction. Two
predictors reside at the district level, one resides at the school level, and
four reside at the classroom level. District-level variables include principal’s
technology discretion (principal’s discretion) and availability/enforcement
of technology standards (technology standards). The school-level