I. INTRODUCTION
The turbine is an assembly consisting of a nozzle or
stator, runner, and shaft that collectively convert
momentum and pressure in a water flow into rotational
mechanical work. The nozzle or stator directs the flow to
the runner it may be an orifice that creates a high speed jet,
or it may be a set of vanes. The runner is a mechanism that
converts the hydraulic energy into mechanical power by
redirecting fluid flow. The runner is typically equipped
with cups or blades that interact with the moving water and
cause the runner to rotate, the mechanical work is
transferred by the shaft to a generator.