On first thought, it seems highly implausible that even an expanding war on terrorism, could stop, or slow down, such a powerful set of social processes as globalization. Yet, there are already some early intense controls and warning signs. More border security measures at the made world's major air and seaports have travel and international trade more cumbersome. Call for tightening national borders and maintaining sharp cultural divisions can be heard more frequently in public discourse. Belligerent patriotic sentiments are on display all over the world. A close look at modern history reveals that large-scale violent confrontations were capable of stopping and even reversing previous globalization trends. As we noted in Chapter 2, the period from 1860 to 1914 constituted a Golden Age of globalization, characterized by the unprecedented development of transportation and communication networks, the rapid growth of international trade, and a huge flow of capital. But globalization was capitalistic and imperialistic in character, involving the transfer of resources from the colonized global South in exchange for European manufactures. Great Britain, the world's sole superpower, had spread its political system and cultural values across the globe. However, these sustained efforts to engineer a single global market under the auspices of the British Empire resulted in a severe
Backlash against globalization that culminated in the outbreak of backlash against globalization World War I. In an important study on this subject, the late political economist Karl Polanyi locates the origins of the social crises that g world during the first half of the 20th century in ill-conceived the efforts to liberalize and globalize markets. Commercial interests came to dominate society by means of a ruthless market logic that effectively disconnected people's economic activities from their social relations. The principles of the free market destroyed complex social relations of mutual obligation and undermined communal values such as civic engagement, reciprocity, and redistribution. As large segments of the population found themselves without an adequate system of social security and communal support, they resorted to radical measures to protect themselves against market globalization. Polanyi notes that European antiglobalist movements eventually gave birth to political parties that forced the passage of protective social legislation on the national level. After a prolonged period of severe economic dislocation following the end of the Great war, the particularist- protectionist manifestations impulse experienced its most extreme the in Italian Socialism. In the end, fascism and German National liberal-globalist dream of subordinating the whole world to the requirements of the free market had generated an equally extreme into mere appendices of counter-movement that turned markets the totalitarian state. 2 The applicability of Polanyi's analysis to the current situation seems obvious. Like 19th-century predecessor, today's version of its globalism also represents a gigantic experiment in unleashing economic deregulation and culture of consumerism on the entire a world. But have in the previous chapter, the rise of as we seen neoliberal globalization has not gone unchallenged. The antiglobalist forces of the 21st century- especially in their violent particularist-protectionist manifestation seem to be capable of attracting millions of disaffected globalization losers who are willing to employ violent means in order to achieve their political ends. Hence, it is quite conceivable that the Al Qaeda attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were only the opening salvos widening global war waged by the US government and its allies of a against a growing list of terrorist organizations and their supporte around the world. Such a grim backlash scenario would put the brakes on globalization On the other hand, it is also possible that the ongoing efforts to contain these violent forces of particularist protectionism might actually increase international cooperation and encourage the forging of new global alliances. In order to eradicate the primary social causes of terrorism, the global North might be willing to replace the dominant neoliberal version of globalization with a substantive reform agenda designed to reduce the existing disparities in global wealth and well-being. Unfortunately, despite their encouraging reassurances to put a ‘human face’ on their predatory version of globalization, many globalists have remained within the parameters of their corporate agenda. If implemented at all, their proposed reforms remain largely symbolic in character For example, in the wake of the Seattle demonstrations, representatives of the wealthy countries joined the WTO Secretary General in assuring audiences worldwide that they would be willing to reform the economic institution's rules and structure in the direction of greater transparency and accountability. Yet, three years later, no concrete steps have been taken to honour these commitments. Granted, the WTO has been holding special General Council sessions to comply with the urgent requests of developing countries to review several of its questionable procedures. Yet, the spokespersons of the powerful governments in the global North that dominate the WTO have made it clear that they consider existing arrangements as legally binding. In their view, procedural problems can only be addressed in the context of a new comprehensive round of multilateral negotiations conducted according to the very rules that are being contested many by developing countries and universalist-protectionist organizations.
This new strategy of fortifying the globalist paradigm with a new rhetoric of mild reformism might work for a relatively short period. But in the long run, the growth of global inequality and the persistence of social instability harbours potential unleash the to reactionary social forces that dwarf even those responsible for the suffering of millions during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, as recent events have shown, globalizations survival will depend on its very radical transformation. In order to prevent a further escalation of the violent confrontation between globalism and its opponents, world leaders must design and implement a comprehensive Global New Deal' Serious attempts to build networks of solidarity around the world lie at the very heart of this Global New Deal.
The most important element of such a grand bargain must be a sincere commitment on the part of wealthy countries to improve North-South equity. In January 2002, the Summit of the World Social Forum in Brazil the universalist-protectionist alternative to the neoliberal world Economic Forum in Davos drew over 50,000 participants who discussed a plethora of specific proposals to transform the current shape of globalization with regard to global governance, social and economic equality, and human rights. Concrete policy proposals included, but were not limited to,the following items that I listed on p. 135. Without question, the terrorist attacks of 11 September and the ensuing War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq have seriously impacted the shape and direction of those social processes that go by the of globalization. Humanity has reached yet another name critical Lest willing to let global inequality climb to juncture. we are levels virtually recruits for the violent forces of that ensure new particularist protectionism, we must link the future course of globalization profoundly reformist agenda. As I have
1. A Marshall Plan, for the global south that includes a blanket forgiveness of all Third world Debt 2. Levying of a tax on international financial transactions
3. Abolition of offshore financial centres that offer tax havens for wealthy individuals and corporations
4. Implementation of stringent global environmental agreements
5. Implementation of a more equitable global development agenda
6. Establishment of a new world development institution financed largely by the global North through such measures as a financial transaction tax and administered largely by the global South
7. Establishment of international labour protection standards, perhaps as clauses of a profoundly reformed WTO
8. Greater transparency and accountability provided to citizens by national governments and international institutions
9. Making all governance of globalization explicitly gender sensitive.
emphasized throughout is nothing wrong with this book,there greater manifestations of social interdependence that emerge as a result of globalization. transformative social However, these processes must challenge the current oppressive structure of global apartheid that divides the world into a privileged North and a disadvantaged South. If that happens, globalization will have ushered in a truly democratic and egalitarian global order.
ในความคิดแรก ดูเหมือนสูงไม่น่าเชื่อว่า แม้การขยายสงครามการก่อการร้าย ไม่หยุด หรือช้าลง เช่นมีชุดของกระบวนการทางสังคมเป็นโลกาภิวัตน์ ยัง มีแล้วควบคุมเข้มบางต้นและสัญญาณเตือน มาตรการรักษาความปลอดภัยขอบเพิ่มเติมของโลกทำเจาะและรเปอร์ได้เดินทางและการค้าระหว่างประเทศยุ่งยากขึ้น เรียกขันพรมแดนประเทศ และรักษาส่วนคมวัฒนธรรมจะได้ยินบ่อยในวาทกรรมสาธารณะ รู้สึกรักชาติ belligerent ที่จัดแสดงทั่วโลก ปิดตาประวัติสมัยเปิดเผยว่า การเผชิญหน้ารุนแรงขนาดใหญ่ได้สามารถหยุด และกลับแนวโน้มโลกาภิวัตน์ก่อนหน้านี้แม้ ตามที่เราระบุไว้ในบทที่ 2 ปี 1860 เพื่อ 1914 ทะลักยุคทองของโลกาภิวัตน์ ลักษณะ โดยการพัฒนาเป็นประวัติการณ์ของขนส่ง และเครือข่ายสื่อสาร การเติบโตอย่างรวดเร็วของการค้าระหว่างประเทศ และกระแสใหญ่ของเมืองหลวง แต่โดยรวมก็ capitalistic และ imperialistic ในอักขระ เกี่ยวข้องกับการโอนย้ายทรัพยากรจากใต้โลกยึดครองเพื่อแลกกับผู้ผลิตที่ยุโรป สหราชอาณาจักร มหาอำนาจแต่เพียงผู้เดียวในโลก ได้แพร่กระจายของระบบการเมืองและค่านิยมทางวัฒนธรรมทั่วโลก อย่างไรก็ตาม นี้ยั่งยืนพยายามวิศวกรเดียวตลาดโลกภายใต้ปฎิบัติการของจักรวรรดิอังกฤษส่งผลให้เกิดความรุนแรง Backlash against globalization that culminated in the outbreak of backlash against globalization World War I. In an important study on this subject, the late political economist Karl Polanyi locates the origins of the social crises that g world during the first half of the 20th century in ill-conceived the efforts to liberalize and globalize markets. Commercial interests came to dominate society by means of a ruthless market logic that effectively disconnected people's economic activities from their social relations. The principles of the free market destroyed complex social relations of mutual obligation and undermined communal values such as civic engagement, reciprocity, and redistribution. As large segments of the population found themselves without an adequate system of social security and communal support, they resorted to radical measures to protect themselves against market globalization. Polanyi notes that European antiglobalist movements eventually gave birth to political parties that forced the passage of protective social legislation on the national level. After a prolonged period of severe economic dislocation following the end of the Great war, the particularist- protectionist manifestations impulse experienced its most extreme the in Italian Socialism. In the end, fascism and German National liberal-globalist dream of subordinating the whole world to the requirements of the free market had generated an equally extreme into mere appendices of counter-movement that turned markets the totalitarian state. 2 The applicability of Polanyi's analysis to the current situation seems obvious. Like 19th-century predecessor, today's version of its globalism also represents a gigantic experiment in unleashing economic deregulation and culture of consumerism on the entire a world. But have in the previous chapter, the rise of as we seen neoliberal globalization has not gone unchallenged. The antiglobalist forces of the 21st century- especially in their violent particularist-protectionist manifestation seem to be capable of attracting millions of disaffected globalization losers who are willing to employ violent means in order to achieve their political ends. Hence, it is quite conceivable that the Al Qaeda attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were only the opening salvos widening global war waged by the US government and its allies of a against a growing list of terrorist organizations and their supporte around the world. Such a grim backlash scenario would put the brakes on globalization On the other hand, it is also possible that the ongoing efforts to contain these violent forces of particularist protectionism might actually increase international cooperation and encourage the forging of new global alliances. In order to eradicate the primary social causes of terrorism, the global North might be willing to replace the dominant neoliberal version of globalization with a substantive reform agenda designed to reduce the existing disparities in global wealth and well-being. Unfortunately, despite their encouraging reassurances to put a ‘human face’ on their predatory version of globalization, many globalists have remained within the parameters of their corporate agenda. If implemented at all, their proposed reforms remain largely symbolic in character For example, in the wake of the Seattle demonstrations, representatives of the wealthy countries joined the WTO Secretary General in assuring audiences worldwide that they would be willing to reform the economic institution's rules and structure in the direction of greater transparency and accountability. Yet, three years later, no concrete steps have been taken to honour these commitments. Granted, the WTO has been holding special General Council sessions to comply with the urgent requests of developing countries to review several of its questionable procedures. Yet, the spokespersons of the powerful governments in the global North that dominate the WTO have made it clear that they consider existing arrangements as legally binding. In their view, procedural problems can only be addressed in the context of a new comprehensive round of multilateral negotiations conducted according to the very rules that are being contested many by developing countries and universalist-protectionist organizations. กลยุทธ์ใหม่นี้ของ fortifying กระบวนทัศน์ globalist กับสำนวนใหม่ของ reformism อ่อนอาจทำงานสำหรับระยะเวลาค่อนข้างสั้น แต่ในระยะยาว การเติบโตของโลกอสมการและการคงอยู่ของท่าเรือเชิงสังคมความไม่เสถียรของการปลดปล่อยศักยภาพในสังคมในเชิงอำนาจที่แคระแม้คนทุกข์ล้านในช่วงทศวรรษ 1930 ทศวรรษ 1940 โดย แน่นอน เป็นเหตุการณ์ล่าสุดได้แสดงให้เห็น globalizations รอดจะขึ้นกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่รุนแรงมาก เพื่อป้องกันการเลื่อนระดับเพิ่มเติมของการเผชิญหน้ารุนแรงระหว่าง globalism และของฝ่ายตรงข้าม ผู้นำโลกต้องออกแบบ และดำเนินการจัดการใหม่ทั่วโลกครอบคลุม ' Serious พยายามสร้างเครือข่ายของเอกภาพสถานโกหกโลกที่ใจกลางของโลกใหม่ข้อตกลงนี้ องค์ประกอบสำคัญที่สุดของโรงแรมแกรนด์ต้องจริงใจมาในส่วนของประเทศมั่งคั่งเหนือใต้ส่วนที่ปรับปรุง ใน 2545 พ.ศ. การประชุมสุดยอดของเวทีสังคมโลกในบราซิล universalist-นโยบายทางโลก neoliberal ฟอรั่มเศรษฐกิจในดาโฟสดึงผู้เข้าร่วมกว่า 50000 คนกล่าวถึงข้อเสนอที่เฉพาะเจาะจงเพื่อแปลงรูปปัจจุบันของโลกาภิวัตน์กับการกำกับดูแลสากล ความเสมอภาคทางสังคม และเศรษฐกิจ และสิทธิมนุษยชนมากมาย ข้อเสนอนโยบายคอนกรีตรวม แต่ไม่จำกัด การที่ฉันแสดงใน p. 135 โดยคำถาม การโจมตีก่อการร้าย 11 กันยายนและสงครามเพราะการก่อการร้ายในอัฟกานิสถานและอิรักได้อย่างจริงจังผลกระทบต่อรูปร่างและทิศทางของกระบวนการที่สังคมที่ไปที่ของโลกาภิวัตน์ มนุษยชาติแล้วอีกชื่อที่สำคัญเกรงว่ายินดีที่จะให้โลกอสมการปีนไป juncture เราเป็นระดับแทบเกณฑ์ทหารสำหรับกองกำลังรุนแรงที่ให้ปกป้อง particularist ใหม่ เราต้องเชื่อมโยงหลักสูตรในอนาคตของโลกาภิวัตน์ซึ้งชอบเปลี่ยนรูปใหม่วาระ ตามที่มี 1.แผนมาร์แชลล์ ในใต้โลกที่มีให้ครอบคลุมทั้งหมดสามโลกหนี้ 2 Levying ภาษีในธุรกรรมการเงินระหว่างประเทศ 3. ยกเลิกศูนย์กลางการเงินต่างประเทศให้ havens ภาษีสำหรับคนรวยและบริษัท 4. นำข้อตกลงด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมโลกอย่างเข้มงวด 5. นำวาระการพัฒนาที่เป็นธรรมมากขึ้น 6. จัดตั้งสถาบันพัฒนาการของโลกใหม่เคหะใหญ่เหนือโลกผ่านมาตรการดังกล่าวเป็นภาษีธุรกรรมทางการเงิน และบริหารส่วนใหญ่จากใต้โลก 7. จัดตั้งมาตรฐานคุ้มครองแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ อาจจะเป็นส่วนขององค์การปฏิรูปและลึกซึ้ง 8. ค่าความโปร่งใสและความรับผิดชอบให้แก่ประชาชน โดยรัฐบาลแห่งชาติและสถาบันนานาชาติ 9. การกำกับดูแลทั้งหมดของโลกาภิวัตน์อย่างชัดเจนเพศสำคัญเน้นย้ำตลอด คือไม่มีอะไรผิดปกติกับหนังสือเล่มนี้ มีมากกว่าลักษณะของอิสระเสรีทางสังคมที่เกิดจากโลกาภิวัตน์ เปลี่ยนแปลงทางสังคมอย่างไรก็ตาม กระบวนการเหล่านี้ต้องท้าทายโครงสร้างปัจจุบันกดขี่แบ่งแยกสีผิวโลกที่แบ่งโลกออกเป็นเหนืออภิสิทธิ์และใต้รอง เกิด โลกาภิวัตน์จะมี ushered ในใบสั่งที่สากล egalitarian และประชาธิปไตยอย่างแท้จริง
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On first thought, it seems highly implausible that even an expanding war on terrorism, could stop, or slow down, such a powerful set of social processes as globalization. Yet, there are already some early intense controls and warning signs. More border security measures at the made world's major air and seaports have travel and international trade more cumbersome. Call for tightening national borders and maintaining sharp cultural divisions can be heard more frequently in public discourse. Belligerent patriotic sentiments are on display all over the world. A close look at modern history reveals that large-scale violent confrontations were capable of stopping and even reversing previous globalization trends. As we noted in Chapter 2, the period from 1860 to 1914 constituted a Golden Age of globalization, characterized by the unprecedented development of transportation and communication networks, the rapid growth of international trade, and a huge flow of capital. But globalization was capitalistic and imperialistic in character, involving the transfer of resources from the colonized global South in exchange for European manufactures. Great Britain, the world's sole superpower, had spread its political system and cultural values across the globe. However, these sustained efforts to engineer a single global market under the auspices of the British Empire resulted in a severe
Backlash against globalization that culminated in the outbreak of backlash against globalization World War I. In an important study on this subject, the late political economist Karl Polanyi locates the origins of the social crises that g world during the first half of the 20th century in ill-conceived the efforts to liberalize and globalize markets. Commercial interests came to dominate society by means of a ruthless market logic that effectively disconnected people's economic activities from their social relations. The principles of the free market destroyed complex social relations of mutual obligation and undermined communal values such as civic engagement, reciprocity, and redistribution. As large segments of the population found themselves without an adequate system of social security and communal support, they resorted to radical measures to protect themselves against market globalization. Polanyi notes that European antiglobalist movements eventually gave birth to political parties that forced the passage of protective social legislation on the national level. After a prolonged period of severe economic dislocation following the end of the Great war, the particularist- protectionist manifestations impulse experienced its most extreme the in Italian Socialism. In the end, fascism and German National liberal-globalist dream of subordinating the whole world to the requirements of the free market had generated an equally extreme into mere appendices of counter-movement that turned markets the totalitarian state. 2 The applicability of Polanyi's analysis to the current situation seems obvious. Like 19th-century predecessor, today's version of its globalism also represents a gigantic experiment in unleashing economic deregulation and culture of consumerism on the entire a world. But have in the previous chapter, the rise of as we seen neoliberal globalization has not gone unchallenged. The antiglobalist forces of the 21st century- especially in their violent particularist-protectionist manifestation seem to be capable of attracting millions of disaffected globalization losers who are willing to employ violent means in order to achieve their political ends. Hence, it is quite conceivable that the Al Qaeda attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were only the opening salvos widening global war waged by the US government and its allies of a against a growing list of terrorist organizations and their supporte around the world. Such a grim backlash scenario would put the brakes on globalization On the other hand, it is also possible that the ongoing efforts to contain these violent forces of particularist protectionism might actually increase international cooperation and encourage the forging of new global alliances. In order to eradicate the primary social causes of terrorism, the global North might be willing to replace the dominant neoliberal version of globalization with a substantive reform agenda designed to reduce the existing disparities in global wealth and well-being. Unfortunately, despite their encouraging reassurances to put a ‘human face’ on their predatory version of globalization, many globalists have remained within the parameters of their corporate agenda. If implemented at all, their proposed reforms remain largely symbolic in character For example, in the wake of the Seattle demonstrations, representatives of the wealthy countries joined the WTO Secretary General in assuring audiences worldwide that they would be willing to reform the economic institution's rules and structure in the direction of greater transparency and accountability. Yet, three years later, no concrete steps have been taken to honour these commitments. Granted, the WTO has been holding special General Council sessions to comply with the urgent requests of developing countries to review several of its questionable procedures. Yet, the spokespersons of the powerful governments in the global North that dominate the WTO have made it clear that they consider existing arrangements as legally binding. In their view, procedural problems can only be addressed in the context of a new comprehensive round of multilateral negotiations conducted according to the very rules that are being contested many by developing countries and universalist-protectionist organizations.
This new strategy of fortifying the globalist paradigm with a new rhetoric of mild reformism might work for a relatively short period. But in the long run, the growth of global inequality and the persistence of social instability harbours potential unleash the to reactionary social forces that dwarf even those responsible for the suffering of millions during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, as recent events have shown, globalizations survival will depend on its very radical transformation. In order to prevent a further escalation of the violent confrontation between globalism and its opponents, world leaders must design and implement a comprehensive Global New Deal' Serious attempts to build networks of solidarity around the world lie at the very heart of this Global New Deal.
The most important element of such a grand bargain must be a sincere commitment on the part of wealthy countries to improve North-South equity. In January 2002, the Summit of the World Social Forum in Brazil the universalist-protectionist alternative to the neoliberal world Economic Forum in Davos drew over 50,000 participants who discussed a plethora of specific proposals to transform the current shape of globalization with regard to global governance, social and economic equality, and human rights. Concrete policy proposals included, but were not limited to,the following items that I listed on p. 135. Without question, the terrorist attacks of 11 September and the ensuing War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq have seriously impacted the shape and direction of those social processes that go by the of globalization. Humanity has reached yet another name critical Lest willing to let global inequality climb to juncture. we are levels virtually recruits for the violent forces of that ensure new particularist protectionism, we must link the future course of globalization profoundly reformist agenda. As I have
1. A Marshall Plan, for the global south that includes a blanket forgiveness of all Third world Debt 2. Levying of a tax on international financial transactions
3. Abolition of offshore financial centres that offer tax havens for wealthy individuals and corporations
4. Implementation of stringent global environmental agreements
5. Implementation of a more equitable global development agenda
6. Establishment of a new world development institution financed largely by the global North through such measures as a financial transaction tax and administered largely by the global South
7. Establishment of international labour protection standards, perhaps as clauses of a profoundly reformed WTO
8. Greater transparency and accountability provided to citizens by national governments and international institutions
9. Making all governance of globalization explicitly gender sensitive.
emphasized throughout is nothing wrong with this book,there greater manifestations of social interdependence that emerge as a result of globalization. transformative social However, these processes must challenge the current oppressive structure of global apartheid that divides the world into a privileged North and a disadvantaged South. If that happens, globalization will have ushered in a truly democratic and egalitarian global order.
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