A commercial S. cerevisiae strain (Lalvin QA23, Proenol) was
used in the experiments. The inoculum was prepared by cultivation
of the yeast in 500-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 mL
of YPD medium with the following composition (%): yeast extract
(1), peptone (2) and glucose (2). Cells were cultivated under static
conditions, at 30 ◦C for 24 h, being subsequently recovered by centrifugation
(5500 × g, 20 min), washed with distilled water and
resuspended in the fermentation medium to obtain an initial concentration
of 1 g/L (dry mass) at the beginning of fermentations.