Medication adherence-specific self-efficacy was measured with two self-report questionnaires. The Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES [52]) was slightly modified for RTR research,with one HIV-specific item removed. Respondents rate their efficacy to carry out importanttreatment-related behaviors including medication adherence in the face of possible barriers.The Medication Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale—Revised (MASES-R [33]) asks individuals toassess their ability to carry out important medication adherence-related actions when facedwith various possible stresses