Overall, our strategies in the developmentof MERS-CoV RBD-based subunit vaccines will provide useful information for the design of effective vaccines against MERS-CoV andany other emerging coronaviruses that might cause future pandemics. It is expected that such developed MERS candidate vaccineswill be tested for efficacy in preventing MERS-CoV infections in vivoonce affordable small animal models for MERS-CoV have becomeavailable. Because serologic and neutralization responses against Sproteins of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses share no,to low, levels of cross-reactivity within and/or across subgroups,it is advisable that MERS-CoV and other coronavirus vaccines bedesigned by considering construction of chimeric S protein contain-ing neutralizing epitopes from variant virus strains