Unfortunately many farmers in Asian, African and
South American countries are illegally applying raw
wastewater as irrigation water. Sometimes this wastewater
is polluted with industrial wastewater and
elevated amount of heavy metals (such as Cd, Cu,. . .)
may be found in raw wastewater. Hence, we have tried to
simulate this issue in the present research. So the
objectives of the this study were (1) to evaluate the
effects of pumice on the availability of cadmium in a soil
treated with wastewater (extracted Cd with DTPA); (2) to
evaluate the effects of pumice on the uptake of Cd by
spinach (in the roots and shoots); and (3) to examine the
toxic effect of Cd on spinach yield in greenhouse
conditions. In this research we aimed to improve
ecosystem resilience through reducing soil toxicity and
improving water balance through irrigation with unconventional
water.