heat pumps also results in a reduction in natural gas and an increase in coal. This is due to the fact that coal prices are lower than natural gas prices and, therefore, the electricity supplying the heat pumps is mainly produced from coal. Moreover, this is also caused by the fact that the heat pumps replace natural gas boilers rather than coal boilers.
If the current peak load boilers on natural gas are replaced by biomass (VP-300þBio), the biomass boilers will take over the production from both the CHP plants and the heat pumps. This is solely due to the Danish tax system in which CHP and natural gas are heavily taxed, while there is no tax on biomass. However, in this case, the result is an increase in the total fuel consumption and no fuel is saved compared to the reference situation.
If solar thermal (VP-300-Sol) and/or geothermal heat (VP-Sol- Geo) are added instead of biomass, the use of natural gas is reduced further. When the results show that it is the natural gas and not the coal which is replaced again, this is explained by the assumption that coal is substantially cheaper than gas.
In the final option (VP-Sol-Geo-Bio), the alternative has been
adjusted so that the use of coal and biomass is the same as in the reference. This is achieved by increasing the use of biomass in the coal-fired large steam turbine CHP and power stations as well as the natural gas peak load boilers in the small CHP plants. Moreover, some of the coal has been replaced by natural gas.
Fig. 4 shows the corresponding CO2 emissions from the heating of the buildings in question. As illustrated, the replacement of boilers by district heating and individual heat pumps reduces the CO2 emissions, but not very much. On the other hand, substantial amounts of biomass are saved, which can be used to replace fossil fuels in other places. The addition of heat pumps reduces the fuel consumption of the system, but the use of coal increases and so do the CO2 emissions. The addition of biomass boilers reduces the CO2 emissions but also the use of biomass, which must be considered a limited resource. The alternative VP-Sol-Geo-Bio is comparable to the reference in terms of biomass amounts. It illustrates how the implementation of district heating and individual heat pumps under such circumstances can reduce CO2 emissions from approx.
2.5 million t/year in the reference to only 0.5 million t/year.
Fig. 5 shows the total costs and illustrates how the Danish society in general will be able to decrease the cost of heating the buildings in question by investing in district heating and individual heat pumps. As illustrated, fuel costs are replaced by investments. The figure shows the annual costs in a fully implemented system in
2020 in which all investments are paid during their technical life- time using a real interest of 3 per cent.
heat pumps also results in a reduction in natural gas and an increase in coal. This is due to the fact that coal prices are lower than natural gas prices and, therefore, the electricity supplying the heat pumps is mainly produced from coal. Moreover, this is also caused by the fact that the heat pumps replace natural gas boilers rather than coal boilers.If the current peak load boilers on natural gas are replaced by biomass (VP-300þBio), the biomass boilers will take over the production from both the CHP plants and the heat pumps. This is solely due to the Danish tax system in which CHP and natural gas are heavily taxed, while there is no tax on biomass. However, in this case, the result is an increase in the total fuel consumption and no fuel is saved compared to the reference situation.If solar thermal (VP-300-Sol) and/or geothermal heat (VP-Sol- Geo) are added instead of biomass, the use of natural gas is reduced further. When the results show that it is the natural gas and not the coal which is replaced again, this is explained by the assumption that coal is substantially cheaper than gas.In the final option (VP-Sol-Geo-Bio), the alternative has beenadjusted so that the use of coal and biomass is the same as in the reference. This is achieved by increasing the use of biomass in the coal-fired large steam turbine CHP and power stations as well as the natural gas peak load boilers in the small CHP plants. Moreover, some of the coal has been replaced by natural gas.Fig. 4 shows the corresponding CO2 emissions from the heating of the buildings in question. As illustrated, the replacement of boilers by district heating and individual heat pumps reduces the CO2 emissions, but not very much. On the other hand, substantial amounts of biomass are saved, which can be used to replace fossil fuels in other places. The addition of heat pumps reduces the fuel consumption of the system, but the use of coal increases and so do the CO2 emissions. The addition of biomass boilers reduces the CO2 emissions but also the use of biomass, which must be considered a limited resource. The alternative VP-Sol-Geo-Bio is comparable to the reference in terms of biomass amounts. It illustrates how the implementation of district heating and individual heat pumps under such circumstances can reduce CO2 emissions from approx.
2.5 million t/year in the reference to only 0.5 million t/year.
Fig. 5 shows the total costs and illustrates how the Danish society in general will be able to decrease the cost of heating the buildings in question by investing in district heating and individual heat pumps. As illustrated, fuel costs are replaced by investments. The figure shows the annual costs in a fully implemented system in
2020 in which all investments are paid during their technical life- time using a real interest of 3 per cent.
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