Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire (MPDQ) by Toda et al. (2004)
Toda et al. (2004) developed the MPDQ to investigate mobile phone dependence (as
cited in Toda et al., 2006). Since the original study in which the questionnaire was created and
validated was published in Japanese, the questionnaire development procedures are cited from
other sources. The items in the questionnaire were created based on the excessive mobile phone
use literature (Billieux, 2012). The 20-item questionnaire (4-point rating scale) was validated by
the authors, and the reliability of the questionnaire was proved. This study was one of the first
attempts to identify mobile phone use as dependence.