A great majority of studies focus on the multifaceted dimensions of international migration
(Chacko 2011; Leung 2011; Núñez-Madrazo 2007; Peleikis 2003; Sinatti 2006; Velayutham
and Wise 2005). Increasingly, however, studies also focus on the highly dynamic rural–urban
interactions that constitute translocal fields within national boundaries. In southern Africa,
where many internal migration patterns are a product of the political system of Apartheid, these
patterns have largely persisted into the post-1990s era. Steinbrink (2009) uses a translocal
approach to describe how such patterns of rural–urban interaction impact on the ability of
households to cope with and adapt to livelihood risks and how those patterns are sustained.
Greiner (2011) reports from Namibia, a country equally affected by Apartheid, about how
remittances, part-time pastoralism and other migration-related patterns of translocality induce
processes of socio-economic stratification. In a similar vein, Long (2008); Steel et al. (2011)
and McKay (2003) use a translocal approach to elucidate the social impact of rural–urban
migration and remittances in Peru, Nicaragua and the Philippines respectively.