To further confirm the role of MICP in heavy metal bioremediation, remediated sand samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD spectra indicated the presence of cerussite (lead carbonate, PbCO3), otavite (cadmium carbonate, CdCO3), and copper carbonate (CuCO3) crystals as the predominant minerals, as evidenced by the detection of sharp peaks in analysis of bioremediated samples, in contrastto the control, where peaks corresponding to quartz (SiO2) represented the sharpest peaks (Fig. 7)