CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 4
1. Background of jackfruit 4
1.1 The characteristics of jackfruit 4
1.2 Artocarpus heterophyllus var. ‘Paisal Thaksin’ and var. 6
‘Thong Prasert’
2. Plant conservation 7
2.1 In situ conservation 7
2.2 Ex situ conservation 7
3. Cryopreservation 9
3.1 Principle of cryopreservation 9
3.2 Cryopreservation technique for plant conservation 10
3.2.1 Conventional cryopreservation techniques 10
3.2.2 New cryopreservation techniques 13
3.2.2.1 Principle of new cryopreservation techniques 13
3.2.2.2 Vitrification method 13
3.2.2.3 Encapsulation method 16
4. Cryopreservation injury 18
4.1 The effect of solutes (cryoprotectants) 18
4.2 Formation of ice crystals 18
4.3 Exposure to low temperature 19
vii
CONTENTS (Continued)
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4.4 Severe dehydration 19
4.5 Formation of free radicals 19
5. Factors of successful cryopreservation 20
5.1 Starting materials 20
5.2 Pretreatment 20
5.3 Cryopreservation procedure 23
5.4 Thawing 23
5.5 Recovery 23
CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODS 24
1. Chemicals and reagents 24
2. Cryopreservation of shoot tips 24
2.1 Plant materials 24
2.2 Sucrose pretreatment 24
2.3 Cryopreservation by desiccation 25
2.4 Cryopreservation by vitrification 25
2.5 Cryopreservation by encapsulation/dehydration 25
2.6 Cryopreservation by encapsulation/vitrification 26
3. Cryopreservation of embryonic axes 31
3.1 Plant materials 31
3.2 Sucrose pretreatment 31
3.3 Cryopreservation by desiccation 31
3.4 Cryopreservation by vitrification 32
3.5 Cryopreservation by encapsulation/dehydration 32
3.6 Cryopreservation by encapsulation/vitrification 32
4. Recovery of cryopreserved materials 32
5. Determination of water content 33
6. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC test) 33
7. Experimental design and statistical analyses 33
8. DNA isolation by DNA E-ZI kit 38
viii
CONTENTS (Continued)
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9. AFLP reaction 38
9.1 Digestion 38
9.2 Ligation 38
9.3 Pre-amplification (PCR I) 39
9.4 Amplification (PCR II) 39
CHAPTER IV RESULTS 41
1. Characteristics of jackfruit seeds 41
2. Cryopreservation of shoot tips 42
2.1 By desiccation 42
2.2 By vitrification 43
2.3 By encapsulation/dehydration 45
2.4 By encapsulation/vitrification 46
2.5 Effect of method of cryopreservation of shoot tips 48
3. Cryopreservation of embryonic axes 50
2.1 By desiccation 50
2.2 By vitrification 51
2.3 By encapsulation/dehydration 55
2.4 By encapsulation/vitrification 56
2.5 Effect of method of cryopreservation of embryonic axes 59
4. Effect of preculture and loading treatment 60
5. AFLP analysis 61
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 64
1. Cryopreservation of shoot tips 64
2. Cryopreservation of embryonic axes 66
3. Molecular marker 68
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS 69
REFERENCES 71
APPENDIX 79
BIOGRAPHY 85