after applying menthol to heat
stressed humans in doses larger than that used herein, and cov-
ering greater surface areas (Gillis et al., 2010, 2015; Kounalakis
et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2012). Although a menthol-mediated re-
duction in skin blood flow may contribute to a lower skin tem-
perature, the rapid reduction in skin temperature observed in the
M/E condition was most probably due to the action of ethanol. An
80 mL solution composed of 20% ethanol (16 mL), 80% water
(64 mL), and menthol has the potential to remove 171.5 kJ (kJ) of
thermal energy from the skin as it evaporates (14.7 kJ from ethanol
and 156.8 kJ from water). Alternatively, 80 mL of water will remove 196.6 kJ, or 25 kJ more thermal energy than the 20%
ethanolþwater solution.