Large normative claims are raised by the question of what it means to
be truly free and equal. In general, Marx and his collaborator, Engels were dismissive of the study of ethics, but they were hardly engaged in
the dispassionate analysis of nineteenth-century industrial capitalism
(even though they did believe it was possible to develop a science of the
laws of capitalist development modelled on the physical sciences). There
is no doubt their inquiry into capitalism was normative through and
through (Lukes 1985; Brown 1992). Indeed, Marx’s own purpose was
made clear in the introductory remarks to The Eighteenth Brumaire of
Louis Bonaparte, where he wrote that human beings make their own
history but not under conditions of their own choosing (Marx 1977e:
300). His point was that humans make their own history because they
possess the power of self-determination which other species either do
not have or cannot exercise to the same degree. And yet humans cannot
make history as they please because class structures stand over them and
greatly constrain their freedom of action. A distinctive political project
is already contained within this observation, namely how human beings
can come to make more of their history under conditions freely chosen
by themselves.
Large normative claims are raised by the question of what it means tobe truly free and equal. In general, Marx and his collaborator, Engels were dismissive of the study of ethics, but they were hardly engaged inthe dispassionate analysis of nineteenth-century industrial capitalism(even though they did believe it was possible to develop a science of thelaws of capitalist development modelled on the physical sciences). Thereis no doubt their inquiry into capitalism was normative through andthrough (Lukes 1985; Brown 1992). Indeed, Marx’s own purpose wasmade clear in the introductory remarks to The Eighteenth Brumaire ofLouis Bonaparte, where he wrote that human beings make their ownhistory but not under conditions of their own choosing (Marx 1977e:300). His point was that humans make their own history because theypossess the power of self-determination which other species either donot have or cannot exercise to the same degree. And yet humans cannotmake history as they please because class structures stand over them andgreatly constrain their freedom of action. A distinctive political projectis already contained within this observation, namely how human beingscan come to make more of their history under conditions freely chosenby themselves.
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