(2) quality management was a positive moderator in that these quality programs along with GSCM practices performed better especially with respect to external GSCM and internal management programs, organizations seriously considering implementing GSCM practices could benefit greatly with introduction of QM practices; (3) JIT programs with internal environmental management practices may cause further degradation of environmental performance and care, from an environmental perspective, care should be taken when implementing GSCM programs in manufacturing organizations with JIT philosophies in place.