Comm:
The 20th century was perhaps the golden age for fossil fuels, but globally there are still huge
reserves of coal, oil and natural gas.
Mark Moody-Stuart, former Chairman, Shell Oil:
You look specifically at hydrocarbons; the world has produced something like a bit less than a
trillion barrels of oil equivalent. That’s a million million, as it were. There is another trillion
barrels of oil equivalent which can be produced probably at eight dollars a barrel, under ten
dollars a barrel. There’s another two trillion which can be produced at under 20 dollars a
barrel and then the tail goes up and it gets more expensive. Those prices, costs have been
driven down by, by technology, but clearly oil is a finite resource and so is gas although we’ve
hardly started on, on the gas.
Colin Campbell, petro-geologist:
We’re not about to run out of oil. What we are, what is going to happen is that we are close to
peak. It might have happened all ready. If not, it’s within the next ten years. You can’t put an
exact date on it, depending on different scenarios and assumptions whatever our detective
tells us about the actual size of what’s there. So somewhere over the next ten years, you
could say with really great confidence that we’re at peak and then it starts to decline. And it’ll,
it’ll last, I don’t know, a hundred years maybe until it… the tail end drags on for ever and a
day. So the important point, and I think the important point is the perception of this. It’s not so
much that… we still have a bit more oil than we’ve ever used left. There’s a lot of oil left, but it
is the perception between something that is growing and something that’s declining.
Comm:
And it’s not just oil production that’s in decline.
Jim Watson, Research Fellow, SPRU:
Most predictions show that, for the foreseeable future, most of our electricity’s going to come
from gas. Any new expansion, new build is going to be gas because it is simply the cheapest
thing to do. The thing on the horizon is obviously the more gas we use, the less there is
available in the North Sea.
Comm:
And gas fields have a different depletion pattern to coal mines and oil fields.
Colin Campbell, petro-geologist:
If you opened a gas well fully open, you would deplete it simply because it is a gas, puff it
away very quickly. So in practice, gas production is capped by the simple mechanism of the
pressure in the pipeline in many cases. And so instead of having a peak and a decline, you
have a long steady plateau that lasts and lasts and lasts. And the cost of producing this gas
gets less and less because the original costs are long written off and the price of gas
generally falls. That in turn encourages people to move to gas; also has environmental
benefits. And so everything sails along very happily using this cheap gas, but then as they
discovered in California last year, eventually the end of the plateau comes and it comes with
no market signal because the last cubic feet costs less than the first.
Comm:
So before North Sea gas runs out, we have to start importing gas from countries which still
have untapped reserves. By 2020, we may have to import as much as 90% of our gas and
under different political conditions. Colin Campbell, petro-geologist:
In a world picture, I think gas production with rise until about 2015 and they’ll be a long
plateau to, oh, say, 2040 or something like that, before this precipitate end comes. But that’s
for the world as a whole and I suppose Europe whose decline is coming much sooner, in the
next few years, it will get very dependent on this, particularly Russian gas. And remember that
this pipeline from Siberia has to cross many transit countries. I don’t suppose the people give
it away and once the oil goes into decline, more value attracts to gas and the people who
control the gas become the new OPEC, you could say.
สาร: ศตวรรษอาจเป็นยุคทองของเชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิล แต่ทั่วโลกมีขนาดใหญ่ยังคง สำรองถ่านหิน น้ำมัน และก๊าซธรรมชาติ หมายมู้ดดี้สจ๊วต ประธาน เชลล์น้ำมัน: คุณดูโดยเฉพาะไฮโดรคาร์บอน โลกได้ผลิตสิ่งที่ต้องการน้อยกว่า บาร์เรลลเลียนเทียบเท่าน้ำมัน ที่เป็นล้านล้าน were เป็นมัน มีอีกล้านล้าน ถังน้ำมันเทียบเท่าซึ่งสามารถผลิตได้คงที่บาร์เรล ภายใต้สิบแปดเหรียญ ดอลลาร์ ต่อบาร์เรล มีเป็นล้านล้านสองอื่นซึ่งสามารถผลิตที่ต่ำกว่า 20 ดอลลาร์ บาร์เรล แล้วหางจะขึ้น และมันจะแพงมาก ที่ราคา ต้นทุนได้ ขับเคลื่อนลงโดย เทคโนโลยี แต่ชัดเจนน้ำมันเป็นทรัพยากรที่มีจำกัด และเป็นแก๊สดังนั้น แม้ว่าเราได้ ไม่เริ่มบน ในก๊าซ โคลิน Campbell เปโตรธรณี: เราไม่ต้องวิ่งออกจากน้ำมัน สิ่งที่เรามี อะไรจะเกิดขึ้นคือเราใกล้เคียงกับ ค มันอาจเกิดพร้อมทั้งหมด ถ้า ไม่มี อยู่ในสิบปีถัดไป คุณไม่สามารถใส่เป็น แน่นอนวันนั้น ขึ้นอยู่กับสถานการณ์ต่าง ๆ และสมมติฐานใดนักสืบของเรา บอกเราเกี่ยวกับขนาดจริงของสิ่งมี ดังนั้นบางช่วงสิบปีถัดไป คุณ สามารถพูด ด้วยความมั่นใจดีจริง ๆ ที่เราอยู่ที่สูงสุด และจากนั้น เริ่มลดลง และมัน จะ มันจะล่าสุด อย่า หนึ่งร้อยปีบางที จนมัน... ปลายหางลากบนเคยตัว และได้ day. So the important point, and I think the important point is the perception of this. It’s not so much that… we still have a bit more oil than we’ve ever used left. There’s a lot of oil left, but it is the perception between something that is growing and something that’s declining. Comm: And it’s not just oil production that’s in decline. Jim Watson, Research Fellow, SPRU: Most predictions show that, for the foreseeable future, most of our electricity’s going to come from gas. Any new expansion, new build is going to be gas because it is simply the cheapest thing to do. The thing on the horizon is obviously the more gas we use, the less there is available in the North Sea. Comm: And gas fields have a different depletion pattern to coal mines and oil fields. Colin Campbell, petro-geologist: If you opened a gas well fully open, you would deplete it simply because it is a gas, puff it away very quickly. So in practice, gas production is capped by the simple mechanism of the pressure in the pipeline in many cases. And so instead of having a peak and a decline, you have a long steady plateau that lasts and lasts and lasts. And the cost of producing this gas gets less and less because the original costs are long written off and the price of gas generally falls. That in turn encourages people to move to gas; also has environmental benefits. And so everything sails along very happily using this cheap gas, but then as they discovered in California last year, eventually the end of the plateau comes and it comes with
no market signal because the last cubic feet costs less than the first.
Comm:
So before North Sea gas runs out, we have to start importing gas from countries which still
have untapped reserves. By 2020, we may have to import as much as 90% of our gas and
under different political conditions. Colin Campbell, petro-geologist:
In a world picture, I think gas production with rise until about 2015 and they’ll be a long
plateau to, oh, say, 2040 or something like that, before this precipitate end comes. But that’s
for the world as a whole and I suppose Europe whose decline is coming much sooner, in the
next few years, it will get very dependent on this, particularly Russian gas. And remember that
this pipeline from Siberia has to cross many transit countries. I don’t suppose the people give
it away and once the oil goes into decline, more value attracts to gas and the people who
control the gas become the new OPEC, you could say.
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