A concept related to PPGIS and PGIS, volunteered geo
graphic information (VGI), is the harnessing of tools to create,
assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily
BYINDIVIDUALS'OODCHILD
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this paper are distinguished from volunteered geographic informa
TIONINTHATTHESPATIALDATA
COLLECTIONPROCESSISPURPOSIVEAND
AGENCY
DRIVENRATHERTHANCITIZEN
INITIATEDANDVOLUNTARY&UR
thermore, the PPGIS methods described here contain probability
SAMPLINGOFTHEGENERALPUBLICINCOMBINATIONWITHPURPOSIVE
and convenience sampling of stakeholders and interested observ
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mapping and database development outside of formal government
processes, the focus of this paper is on the genre of PPGIS research
that seeks to expand and enhance public participation and com
munity consultation in governmental processes for regional and
ENVIRONMENTALPLANNINGAPPLICATIONS