คำศัพท์คณิตศาสตร์
Definition 1.2: The kth power Gk of a connected graph G, where k≥1, is that the graph with V (Gk) =V(G) for which uv ∈ E(Gk) if and only if 1≤ dG (u,v) ≤ k .The graphs G2 and G3 are also referred to as square and cube respectively of G.
Definition1.3: The Shadow graph D2 (G) of a connected graph G is constructed by taking two copies of G say G' and G''. Join each vertex u' in G' to the neighbours of the corresponding vertex v' in G''.