The TPC determination from crude extract was measured col-orimetrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method (Cheok et al.,2012a). The crude extract obtained was diluted with a dilution fac-tor of 200. Then, 1.0 ml of the extract aliquot in triplicates wastransferred using a 1 ml transfer pipet into a test tube and thenmixed thoroughly with 5.0 ml of FC reagent priorly diluted 1:10with distilled water. After shaking for 3 min, 4.0 ml of sodiumcarbonate (7.5%, w/v) was added and mixed thoroughly. The mix-tures were then allowed to stand for 30 min in the dark beforemeasuring its absorbance in a single beam UV–vis spectropho-tometer (DR2800, Hach, U.S.A) at 765 nm (Singleton and Rossi,1965) against the blank of methanol or ethanol pure solvents.The TPC values were expressed in mg gallic acid equivalent(GAE)/g hull powder by dividing with solid to solvent ratio of0.05 g/ml.