Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of primary caregivers and their 3-to-6 year old children conducted at a combined university-hospital dental clinic. Consenting caregivers completed an 18-item demographic and dental utilization survey, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD-30), the Oral Health Literacy Inventory for Parents (OH-LIP) Parts I and II. The REALD-30 and OH-LIP I and II interviews were audio-recorded for scoring and reliability testing. All dmft scores were determined during the course of a full dental examination completed by a pediatric dental resident or faculty member.