Study 2: 16S rRNA sequencing as gold standard.
Because only positive results from Accumast plates were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, the PPV and the simple Cohen's kappa coefficient between sequencing and Accumast were assessed as previously described. Interpretation of Cohen's kappa coefficient was applied following description in [20]. A Kappa coefficient between 0.81 and 1.0 corresponded to almost perfect agreement, 0.61 to 0.80 represented substantial agreement, an estimate between 0.41 and 0.60 was considered moderate agreement and a value of 0.21 to 0.40 denoted fair agreements.