Culture
Main article: Culture of Iran
The earliest recorded cultures within the region of Iran date back to the Lower Paleolithic era.
Owing to its dominant geopolitical position and culture in the world, Iran has directly influenced cultures as far away as Greece, Macedonia, and Italy to the West, Russia to the North, the Arabian Peninsula to the South, and indirectly South and East Asia to the East.
Art
Main articles: Iranian art and Persian carpet
Ceiling of the Lotfollah Mosque
Safavid painting kept at the Abbasi Caravanserai in Isfahan
Iranian works of art show a great variety in style, in different regions and periods. The main connections between these works are iconographic motifs.[310] Combination is another major element in the art of Iran, specifically the depictions of composite human and animal figures, which also refer to the mythology of Iran.
Iranian art encompasses many disciplines, including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking, and stonemasonry. The Median and Achaemenid empires left a significant classical art scene which remained as basic influences for the art of the later eras. Art of the Parthians was a mixture of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks, with their main motifs being scenes of royal hunting expeditions and investitures.[311][312] The Sassanid art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art,[82] which carried forward to the Islamic world, and much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture, and science, were of Sassanid basis.[313][314][315]
There is also a vibrant Iranian modern and contemporary art scene, with its genesis in the late 1940s. The 1949 Apadana Gallery of Tehran, which was operated by Mahmoud Javadi Pour and other colleagues, and the emergence of artists such as Marcos Grigorian in the 1950s, signaled a commitment to the creation of a form of modern art grounded in Iran.[316]
Iranian carpet-weaving dates back to the Bronze Age, and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of the art of Iran. Iran is the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, producing three quarters of the world's total output and having a share of 30% of world's export markets.[317][318]
Iran is also home to one of the largest jewel collections in the world.
Architecture
Main articles: Iranian architecture and Persian gardens
The history of Iranian architecture goes back to the 7th millennium BC.[319] Iranians were among the first to use mathematics, geometry, and astronomy in architecture.
Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, developing gradually and coherently out of earlier traditions and experience.[320] The guiding motifs of Iranian architecture are unity, continuity, and cosmic symbolism.[321]
Iran ranks seventh among countries with the most archaeological architectural ruins and attractions from antiquity, as recognized by UNESCO.[322]
Ruins of Persepolis
Naqsh-e Jahan Square
Qasemi Bath
Entrance of the Shah Mosque
Azadi Tower
Siose Bridge
Shazdeh Garden
Qavam House
A ceiling at the Bazaar of Yazd
Golestan Palace
Literature
Main article: Persian literature
Mausoleum of Ferdowsi in Tus
Iranian literature is one of the world's oldest literatures, dating back to the poetry of Avesta and Zoroastrian literature.
Poetry is used in many Iranian classical works, whether in literature, science, or metaphysics. Persian language has been dubbed as a worthy language to serve as a conduit for poetry, and is considered as one of the four main bodies of world literature.[323] Dialects of Persian are sporadically spoken throughout regions from China to Syria and Russia, though mainly in the Iranian Plateau.[324][325]
Iran has a number of famous poets; most notably Rumi, Ferdowsi, Hafez, Saadi Shirazi, Khayyám Ney-Shapuri, and Nezami Ganjavi.[326] Iranian literature inspired notable writers such as Goethe, Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[88][89][90]
Philosophy
Main articles: Ancient philosophy § Ancient Iranian philosophy and Iranian philosophy
The Farohar Symbol from Persepolis
Depiction of a Fravarti in Persepolis
Iranian philosophy originates to Indo-Iranian roots, with Zarathustra's teachings having major influences.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, the chronology of the subject and science of philosophy starts with the Indo-Iranians, dating this event to 1500 BC. The Oxford dictionary also states, "Zarathushtra's philosophy entered to influence Western tradition through Judaism, and therefore on Middle Platonism."
While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences, especially in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe.
The Cyrus cylinder, which is known as "the first charter of human rights," is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra, and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid Era.[327][328]
The earliest tenets of Zoroastrian schools are part of the extant scriptures of the Zoroastrian religion in Avestan language. Among them are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar, Denkard, Zātspram, as well as older passages of Avesta, and the Gathas.[329]
Mythology
Main articles: Iranian mythology and Iranian folklore
Statue of Arash the Archer at the Sadabad Complex
Iranian mythology consists of ancient Iranian folklore and stories, all involving extraordinary beings. They reflect attitudes towards the confrontation of good and evil, actions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and fabulous creatures.
Myths play a crucial part in the culture of Iran, and understanding of them is increased when they are considered within the context of actual events in the history of Iran. The geography of Greater Iran, a vast area covering present-day Iran, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia, with its high mountain ranges, plays the main role in much of the Iranian mythology.
Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is the main collection of the mythology of Iran, which draws heavily on the stories and characters of Zoroastrianism, from the texts of Avesta, Denkard, and Bundahishn.
Observances
See also: Public holidays in Iran and Iranian calendars
Haft-Seen (or Haft-Čin), a customary of the Iranian New Year
Iran has three official calendar systems, including the Solar calendar as the main, the Gregorian calendar for international and Christian events, and the Lunar calendar for Islamic events.
The main national annual of Iran is Nowruz, an ancient tradition celebrated on 21 March to mark the beginning of spring and the New Year of Iran. It is enjoyed by people with different religions, but is a holiday for Zoroastrians. It was registered on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,[330] and was described as the Persian New Year[331][332][333][334] by UNESCO in 2009.
Other remained national annuals of Iran include:
Čā'r Šanbe Suri: A prelude to Nowruz, in honor of Ātar (the Holy Fire), celebrated by fireworks and fire-jumping, on the last Wednesday before Nowruz
Sizda' be Dar: Leaving the house to join the nature, on the thirteenth day of the New Year (April 2)
Čelle ye Zemestān: Also known as Yaldā; the longest night of the year, celebrated on the eve of Winter Solstice, by reciting poetry and having the customary fruits which include watermelon, pomegranate, and mixed nuts
Tirgān: A mid summer festival, in honor of Tishtrya, celebrated on Tir 13 (July 4), by splashing water, reciting poetry, and having traditional dishes such as šole-zard and spinach soup
Mehrgān: An autumn festival, in honor of Mithra, celebrated on Mehr 16 (October 8), by family gathering and setting a table of sweets, flowers, and a mirror
Sepand Ārmazgān: Dedicated to Ameša Spenta (the Holy Devotion); celebrated by giving presents to partners, on Esfand 15 (February 24)
Along with the national celebrations, annuals such as Ramezān, Eid e Fetr, and Ruz e Āšurā are marked by Muslims; Noel, Čelle ye Ruze, and Eid e Pāk are celebrated by Christians; and the festivals Purim, Eid e Fatir, and Tu Bišvāt are celebrated by Jewish people in Iran.
Music
Main article: Music of Iran
Karna, an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC
Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, as evidenced by the archaeological records found in Western Iran, dating back to the 3rd millennium BC.[335] The Iranian use of both vertical and horizontal angular harps have been documented at the sites Madaktu and Kul-e Farah, with the largest collection of Elamite instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. Multiple depictions of horizontal harps were also sculpted in Assyrian palaces, dating back between 865 and 650 BC.
Xenophon's Cyropaedia refers to a great number of singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Iran. Athenaeus of Naucratis states that, by the time of the last Achaemenid king, Artashata (336–330 BC), Achaemenid singing girls were captured by the Macedonian general, Parmenion.[336] Under the Parthian Empire, a type of epic music was taught to youth, depicting the national epics and myths which were later represented in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.[337]
History of the Sassanid music is better documented than the earlier periods, and is specially more evident in the Zoroastrian contexts.[338] By the time of Khosrow II, the Sassanid royal court was the host of prominent musicians, namely Ramtin, Bamshad, Nakisa, Azad, Sarkash, and Barbad.
A Safavid painting at Hasht Behesht, depicting a 7th-century Iranian banquet
Some Iranian traditional musical instruments include saz, Persian tar, Azerbaijani tar, dotar, setar, kamanc
วัฒนธรรมบทความหลัก: วัฒนธรรมของอิหร่านวัฒนธรรมภายในภูมิภาคของอิหร่านวันกลับไปยังยุค Paleolithic ล่างบันทึกแรกสุดเนื่องจากตำแหน่งหลักภูมิศาสตร์การเมืองและวัฒนธรรมในโลกของ อิหร่านได้โดยตรงรับอิทธิพลวัฒนธรรมไกลถึงประเทศกรีซ มาซิโดเนีย และอิตาลีทางตะวันตก รัสเซียทางเหนือ คาบสมุทรอาหรับ ใต้ และอ้อมใต้และเอเชียตะวันออกไปทิศตะวันออกศิลปะบทความหลัก: ศิลปะอิหร่านและพรมเปอร์เซียเพดานของมัสยิด Lotfollahจิตรกรรม Safavid เก็บที่สถานีคาราวาน Abbasi ในอิสฟาฮานงานศิลปะอิหร่านแสดงต่าง ๆ แบบ ในภูมิภาคและรอบระยะเวลา การเชื่อมต่อหลักระหว่างผลงานโดดเด่น iconographic ชุด [310] เป็นอีกองค์ประกอบที่สำคัญในศิลปะของอิหร่าน โดยเฉพาะฉากผสมมนุษย์ และสัตว์ตัวเลข ซึ่งหมายถึงตำนานของอิหร่านศิลปะอิหร่านครอบคลุมหลายสาขา สถาปัตยกรรม จิตรกรรม ทอผ้า เครื่องปั้นดินเผา ประดิษฐ์ โลหะ และ stonemasonry จักรวรรดิอคีเมนียะห์และมัธยฐานซ้ายฉากศิลปะดั้งเดิมอย่างมีนัยสำคัญซึ่งยังคงเป็นพื้นฐานที่มีอิทธิพลต่อศิลปะของช่วงหลัง ศิลปะของ Parthians มีส่วนผสมของอิหร่าน และเฮเลนนิสติคงาน กับการลงหลักการฉากล่ารอยัลนิและ investitures [311] [312] ซาสซานิยะห์ศิลปะมีบทบาทเด่นในการก่อตัวของเอเชีย และยุโรปยุคกลางศิลปะ, [82] ซึ่งยกโลกอิสลาม และมากอะไรภายหลังกลายเป็นที่รู้จักกันเป็นการเรียนรู้อิสลาม เช่น philology วรรณกรรม ฟิกฮ ปรัชญา การแพทย์ สถาปัตยกรรม และ วิทยาศาสตร์ ได้ของซาสซานิยะห์พื้นฐาน [313] [314] [315]นอกจากนี้ยังมีฉากแห่งอิหร่านร่วม สมัยศิลปะ กับของปฐมกาลใน 2483 1949 Apadana เก็บของเตหราน ซึ่งถูกดำเนินการ โดย Mahmoud Javadi เท และผู้ร่วมงานอื่น ๆ และการเกิดขึ้นของศิลปินเช่นกอเรียน Marcos ในช่วงทศวรรษ 1950 สัญญาณความมุ่งมั่นที่จะสร้างรูปแบบของศิลปะสมัยใหม่ที่สูตรในอิหร่าน [316]วันทอพรมอิหร่านกลับไปยุคสำริด และเป็นหนึ่งในลักษณะที่แตกต่างมากที่สุดของศิลปะของอิหร่าน อิหร่านเป็นผู้ผลิตและส่งออกพรมทอมือ ผลิตไตรมาสที่สามของผลผลิตรวมของโลก และมีส่วนแบ่ง 30% ของตลาดส่งออกของโลกของโลก [317] [318]Iran is also home to one of the largest jewel collections in the world.ArchitectureMain articles: Iranian architecture and Persian gardensThe history of Iranian architecture goes back to the 7th millennium BC.[319] Iranians were among the first to use mathematics, geometry, and astronomy in architecture.Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, developing gradually and coherently out of earlier traditions and experience.[320] The guiding motifs of Iranian architecture are unity, continuity, and cosmic symbolism.[321]Iran ranks seventh among countries with the most archaeological architectural ruins and attractions from antiquity, as recognized by UNESCO.[322]Ruins of Persepolis Naqsh-e Jahan Square Qasemi Bath Entrance of the Shah Mosque Azadi Tower Siose Bridge Shazdeh Garden Qavam House A ceiling at the Bazaar of Yazd Golestan PalaceLiteratureMain article: Persian literatureMausoleum of Ferdowsi in TusIranian literature is one of the world's oldest literatures, dating back to the poetry of Avesta and Zoroastrian literature.Poetry is used in many Iranian classical works, whether in literature, science, or metaphysics. Persian language has been dubbed as a worthy language to serve as a conduit for poetry, and is considered as one of the four main bodies of world literature.[323] Dialects of Persian are sporadically spoken throughout regions from China to Syria and Russia, though mainly in the Iranian Plateau.[324][325]Iran has a number of famous poets; most notably Rumi, Ferdowsi, Hafez, Saadi Shirazi, Khayyám Ney-Shapuri, and Nezami Ganjavi.[326] Iranian literature inspired notable writers such as Goethe, Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[88][89][90]PhilosophyMain articles: Ancient philosophy § Ancient Iranian philosophy and Iranian philosophyThe Farohar Symbol from PersepolisDepiction of a Fravarti in PersepolisIranian philosophy originates to Indo-Iranian roots, with Zarathustra's teachings having major influences.According to the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, the chronology of the subject and science of philosophy starts with the Indo-Iranians, dating this event to 1500 BC. The Oxford dictionary also states, "Zarathushtra's philosophy entered to influence Western tradition through Judaism, and therefore on Middle Platonism."While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences, especially in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe.The Cyrus cylinder, which is known as "the first charter of human rights," is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra, and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid Era.[327][328]The earliest tenets of Zoroastrian schools are part of the extant scriptures of the Zoroastrian religion in Avestan language. Among them are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar, Denkard, Zātspram, as well as older passages of Avesta, and the Gathas.[329]
Mythology
Main articles: Iranian mythology and Iranian folklore
Statue of Arash the Archer at the Sadabad Complex
Iranian mythology consists of ancient Iranian folklore and stories, all involving extraordinary beings. They reflect attitudes towards the confrontation of good and evil, actions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and fabulous creatures.
Myths play a crucial part in the culture of Iran, and understanding of them is increased when they are considered within the context of actual events in the history of Iran. The geography of Greater Iran, a vast area covering present-day Iran, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia, with its high mountain ranges, plays the main role in much of the Iranian mythology.
Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is the main collection of the mythology of Iran, which draws heavily on the stories and characters of Zoroastrianism, from the texts of Avesta, Denkard, and Bundahishn.
Observances
See also: Public holidays in Iran and Iranian calendars
Haft-Seen (or Haft-Čin), a customary of the Iranian New Year
Iran has three official calendar systems, including the Solar calendar as the main, the Gregorian calendar for international and Christian events, and the Lunar calendar for Islamic events.
The main national annual of Iran is Nowruz, an ancient tradition celebrated on 21 March to mark the beginning of spring and the New Year of Iran. It is enjoyed by people with different religions, but is a holiday for Zoroastrians. It was registered on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,[330] and was described as the Persian New Year[331][332][333][334] by UNESCO in 2009.
Other remained national annuals of Iran include:
Čā'r Šanbe Suri: A prelude to Nowruz, in honor of Ātar (the Holy Fire), celebrated by fireworks and fire-jumping, on the last Wednesday before Nowruz
Sizda' be Dar: Leaving the house to join the nature, on the thirteenth day of the New Year (April 2)
Čelle ye Zemestān: Also known as Yaldā; the longest night of the year, celebrated on the eve of Winter Solstice, by reciting poetry and having the customary fruits which include watermelon, pomegranate, and mixed nuts
Tirgān: A mid summer festival, in honor of Tishtrya, celebrated on Tir 13 (July 4), by splashing water, reciting poetry, and having traditional dishes such as šole-zard and spinach soup
Mehrgān: An autumn festival, in honor of Mithra, celebrated on Mehr 16 (October 8), by family gathering and setting a table of sweets, flowers, and a mirror
Sepand Ārmazgān: Dedicated to Ameša Spenta (the Holy Devotion); celebrated by giving presents to partners, on Esfand 15 (February 24)
Along with the national celebrations, annuals such as Ramezān, Eid e Fetr, and Ruz e Āšurā are marked by Muslims; Noel, Čelle ye Ruze, and Eid e Pāk are celebrated by Christians; and the festivals Purim, Eid e Fatir, and Tu Bišvāt are celebrated by Jewish people in Iran.
Music
Main article: Music of Iran
Karna, an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC
Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, as evidenced by the archaeological records found in Western Iran, dating back to the 3rd millennium BC.[335] The Iranian use of both vertical and horizontal angular harps have been documented at the sites Madaktu and Kul-e Farah, with the largest collection of Elamite instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. Multiple depictions of horizontal harps were also sculpted in Assyrian palaces, dating back between 865 and 650 BC.
Xenophon's Cyropaedia refers to a great number of singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Iran. Athenaeus of Naucratis states that, by the time of the last Achaemenid king, Artashata (336–330 BC), Achaemenid singing girls were captured by the Macedonian general, Parmenion.[336] Under the Parthian Empire, a type of epic music was taught to youth, depicting the national epics and myths which were later represented in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.[337]
History of the Sassanid music is better documented than the earlier periods, and is specially more evident in the Zoroastrian contexts.[338] By the time of Khosrow II, the Sassanid royal court was the host of prominent musicians, namely Ramtin, Bamshad, Nakisa, Azad, Sarkash, and Barbad.
A Safavid painting at Hasht Behesht, depicting a 7th-century Iranian banquet
Some Iranian traditional musical instruments include saz, Persian tar, Azerbaijani tar, dotar, setar, kamanc
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..