2. Methodology for water footprint assessment in WWTPs
To evaluate the water footprint of products and consumers, the
Water Footprint Network (WFN) developed a methodology for
water footprint assessment (WFA) to evaluate the impacts on water
consumption caused by an activity (Hoekstra et al., 2011). The WFA
methodology addresses freshwater resources appropriation using a
four-step approach: (i) set the goals and scope; (ii) account for the
water footprint of a process, product, producer or consumer as a
spatiotemporally explicit indicator of freshwater appropriation;
(iii) evaluate the sustainability of this water footprint and focus on a
multi-faceted analysis of the environmental, economic and social
aspects; and (iv) formulate strategies to improve the water
footprint.
This section introduces the adoption of the WFN methodology
for WWTP application and expands the WF accounting phase using
a framework for the grey water footprint calculation. As shown in
Fig. 1, the methodology consists of four phases, which is similar to
those in an LCA analysis.
The first phase consists of defining the goal and scope of the
assessment and includes the functional unit, the types of WF to be
considered and the data sample. In the second phase, data are
collected, and the water footprint is calculated. In the third phase,
the water footprint is evaluated from a sustainability point of view,
which considers the water availability in the analyzed region or
period, and finally in the fourth phase, several recommendations
are drawn to reduce the water footprint of the product or system
analyzed.
The general equation to calculate the water footprint of a
WWTP, which is the volume of water consumed during a period of
time and includes the blue (WFblue), green (WFgreen) and grey
(WFgrey) water footprints, is defined as the following:
2. Methodology for water footprint assessment in WWTPsTo evaluate the water footprint of products and consumers, theWater Footprint Network (WFN) developed a methodology forwater footprint assessment (WFA) to evaluate the impacts on waterconsumption caused by an activity (Hoekstra et al., 2011). The WFAmethodology addresses freshwater resources appropriation using afour-step approach: (i) set the goals and scope; (ii) account for thewater footprint of a process, product, producer or consumer as aspatiotemporally explicit indicator of freshwater appropriation;(iii) evaluate the sustainability of this water footprint and focus on amulti-faceted analysis of the environmental, economic and socialaspects; and (iv) formulate strategies to improve the waterfootprint.This section introduces the adoption of the WFN methodologyfor WWTP application and expands the WF accounting phase usinga framework for the grey water footprint calculation. As shown inFig. 1, the methodology consists of four phases, which is similar tothose in an LCA analysis.The first phase consists of defining the goal and scope of theassessment and includes the functional unit, the types of WF to beconsidered and the data sample. In the second phase, data arecollected, and the water footprint is calculated. In the third phase,the water footprint is evaluated from a sustainability point of view,which considers the water availability in the analyzed region orperiod, and finally in the fourth phase, several recommendations
are drawn to reduce the water footprint of the product or system
analyzed.
The general equation to calculate the water footprint of a
WWTP, which is the volume of water consumed during a period of
time and includes the blue (WFblue), green (WFgreen) and grey
(WFgrey) water footprints, is defined as the following:
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