. It is seen that the BC/starch composites show a layered structure. This morphology of the BC/starch composites is similar to that reported in [22] for microfibrillated cellulose–melamine formaldehyde composites. The layered structure is the characteristic for BC network as difference in the cellulose network structure is usually observed between the upper surface layer (exposed to air) and the lower layer (exposed to culture medium during cultivation) [23]. Note that BC fibre ends are seen in all three photos. However, the fibre pull-out length is not large indicating a good fibre–matrix bonding. Pores in the composites are obvious, suggesting improvement in the manufacturing process of the BC/starch composites is still needed in further investigation.