Analyze the tax structure
Compare and Contrast between 1994, 2004, and 2014
Taxation is the main source of government's revenue. A large part of tax collection comes from three main agencies under the Ministry of Finance” These are the Revenue Department, The Excise Department, and the Customs Department – which collectively account for about 85-90% of the government's revenue. The Revenue Department itself collects more than half of the total tax collection.
From the data 1994-2004, we can see that Personal Income Tax is increase about 99.78%. Corporate Income Tax is increase about 96.51%. Petroleum Income Tax is increase about 786.42%. Value Added Tax is increase 134.53%. Specific Business Tax is decrease 5.67%. Stamp Duty is increase 43.51% and other is increase about 23.91%.
So, we can summarize that Petroleum Income Tax is the most increasing. Specific Business Tax is decrease.
From the data 2004-2014, we can see that Personal Income Tax is increase about 197.91%. Corporate Income Tax is increase about 117.69%. Petroleum Income Tax is decrease about 219.91%. Value Added Tax is increase 125.07%. Specific Business Tax is decrease 165.31%. Stamp Duty is increase 71.43% and other is increase about 21.80%.
So, we can summarize that Personal Income Tax is the most increasing. Petroleum Income Tax is decrease.
Finally, you can see that Purchase Tax is cancelled because VAT and Business Tax instead. Purchase is hard to collect and easy to bear tax.
The excise department has responsibility to levy. The excise department levy from various categories of specific service. It calls excise tax. Some goods and service damage health. Some goods and service are immoral. Some goods and service seem superfluous goods. Some goods and service effect environment. That is suitable reason to levy all above in high rate. Producer, entrepreneur, importer have responsibility to pay excise tax.
From the data 1994-2004, we can summarize that excise tax are based on consumption. If you consume more goods and services, you will have to pay more proportional tax. 90 percent of excise taxes are from oil tax, tobacco tax, alcohol tax, car tax. Percentage changes in 1994 and 2004 have a bit changed around 1-7 percent. Beer tax increase more than others around 7 percent. It shows increase in beer consumption. It increases from 8.84 to 15.50 percent. Although government always adjusts structure of alcohol tax, it doesn’t affect beer consumption. While proportional of beer tax increase, others tax decrease. It represents change in consumer behavior.
The custom department performs import and export tariff supervision. The custom department protects and suppresses culprit on custom department. The custom department performs a controller and supporter of import and export. The custom department performs benefit protection of country and citizen.
From the data 1994 and 2004, it shows change in quantity of income tax. Import tariff decreases around 1 percent. Export tariff increase a bit around 0.21 percent it shows export growth in Thailand though number of export is lower than import.
In part of income allocation, income tax is allocated into provincial administrative organization in 2004. It is around 0.49 percent of all income tax.
How tax structure changes match the country development.
- Suitable or not? Why?
1. From the Tax collection table, we can see the government can collect tax more and more (1994, 2004, and 2014). That sensible because the gross domestic product (GDP) is increase and unemployment is decreases. Then, the tax based on consumption and income will increase orderly because the government collect more this tax and can spend money for administer and develop our country.
2. The government under Yingluck Shinawatra had reduced The Corporate income tax (CIT) from 30% to 23% and then 20% in 2013. So, we can see the tax collection in 2014 had decreased. This case is suitable because when The Corporate Income Tax reduces, it is incentive to competitive market including increasing export and attracting foreign direct investment.
3. Because government adjusts tax structure and The Personal Income Tax (PIT) decreases. So, we can see the tax collection in 2014 had decreased from last year. This case is suitable matching the country because when The Personal Income Tax rate decrease, and people got to keep more of their incomes from work or investment, so effectively there have more money to consume more goods and services and then economy expansion.
4. Some kinds of taxes are cancelled because they are double taxation. It is suitable because that has already been taxed and is also easy to collect. For instance, government cuts the sale tax off because the sale tax include in Value Added Tax (VAT)
5. Customs duty or tariff structure for increasing international trade: Main components of customs duty are import duty, export duty and others. From comparison of customs duty structure for 3 years we found that customs duty structure of 3 years are the same such as import duty rate is almost 100% and export duty rate and others are not over 5%. So, we can conclude that customs duty structure is suitable. Because setting of import duty rate at highest level is prevention and support of domestic trade for Thai people. On the contrary, if import duty is decreased, it will affect to Thai economy that decreasing of Thai people income because of more competition. Thai GDP will decrease in the next and more unemployment at last. In export duty rate at low level, we can conclude that setting at low level to give opportunity for Thai businesses have to export more, get more income and increase international competitiveness.
6. Changes of new tax based for adjust to economy status: We will focus on tax structure of the revenue department about personal income tax which has high level, corporate tax which has higher level, and value added tax (VAT) which has highest level. In personal and corporate income tax, we can found that the rate is slightly decreased in 3 years. Because Thai government want to stimulate Thai economy for example exemption from tax for SMEs or some business which have low net income to give opportunity for many business to easy come into the market, increasing competitiveness in the next, economic growth, and more investment from foreigners in long-run. So, we can conclude that corporate income tax in suitable but personal income tax is still very high around 35% when compare with other countries in ASEAN. In VAT, we can found that it has highest level around 40% and is main revenue of government. VAT is suitable at rate 7% because we think VAT can show the ability to pay for that people clearly and decreasing problem of personal income tax that Thai people may be lower to work if tax is high. But, for VAT, Thai people will work harder to get more income to substitute more expenditure or who have more income, will pay more and who have less income, will pay less. We think that it’s fair and suitable. Moreover, we think that news about “change VAT 7% to 10% in the future from National and Order Maintaining council” may not be fair and suitable for some people who have many responsibilities. And, we think that VAT rate 7% is more suitable and can push or stimulate economy at same. But, it still depends on ability to collect to be efficient and cover.
7. Income tax based vs. consumption tax or VAT based: For Thailand, income tax based may not be efficient because everyone doesn’t to pay tax to be equal and complete. For example, vendors on footpath are not to pay tax because income is not clear and con not check. At the same time, firm workers must to pay tax although firm workers may have the same amount of income like vendors in footpath. Therefore, we think that consumption tax based is more suitable than income tax base because everyone needs to consume. So, who have more, consume more and who have less, consume less. But, tax structure in Thailand is very complicate for VAT and will cause the problem to the latest consumers that will cause to country development also.
8. Local sectors have more power to collect and allocate tax by themselves (Decentralized): From our opinion, if central government gives power to local sectors about tax such as local development tax, house and building tax and signboard tax, the local sectors are easier and faster to allocate and develop more and more. Moreover, Thai economy will be growth because each provinces want to promote own province for own higher income. But, the central must be sure that the local sectors have ability to allocate to be efficient or the central should send representatives to control instead.
Finally, tax structure changes in 1994, 2004 and 2014 to match the country development and status in each year such as stimulate domestic trade; improve income distribution, and others. But, it still not efficient because the period between this three years are very far. At last, we found that why country development is not efficient because of collecting system which is not cover and fair. We must solve at the first of the process to stimulate economy to be growth and sustainable in long-run.
Country Corporate income tax Personal income tax Value added tax
Singapore 17% 20% 7%
Cambodia 20% 20% 10%
Thailand 20% 35% 7%
Brunei Darussalam 20%
Lao PDR 24% 25% 10%
Malaysia 25% 28% sales10%/service6%
Indonesia 25% 30% 10%
Viet Nam 25% 35% 10%
Philippines 30% 32% 12%
Myanmar 30% 40% commercial tax3-100%
Suggestion and Recommendation
Tax is the main or major part of the government income. It is used to compensate the government spending. One could say that “no tax, no development”. So the amount of money collected each year is very important. But, the question is who paid that amount of money?
Following to the 2012 personal income tax payers’ data base, there are 66 million Thais, only 9.79 million people who file the compliant to pay tax while the other 56.21
วิเคราะห์โครงสร้างภาษีเปรียบเทียบ และเปรียบต่าง ระหว่าง 1994, 2004, 2014 จัดเก็บภาษีเป็นแหล่งที่มาหลักของรายได้ของรัฐบาล ส่วนใหญ่ของคอลเลกชันภาษีมาจาก 3 หน่วยงานหลักภายใต้กระทรวงการคลัง"เหล่านี้คือ กรมสรรพากร กรมสรรพสามิตที่ และ กรมศุลกากร – การบัญชีโดยรวมประมาณ 85-90% ของรายได้ของรัฐบาล กรมสรรพากรเองรวบรวมมากกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งของคอลเลกชันรวมภาษี จากข้อมูลปี 1994-2004 เราจะเห็นว่า ภาษีเงินได้บุคคลจะเพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 99.78% ภาษีเงินได้นิติบุคคลได้เพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 96.51% ภาษีเงินได้ปิโตรเลียมจะเพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 786.42% ภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มได้เพิ่ม 134.53% ภาษีธุรกิจเฉพาะเป็นลด 5.67% อากรแสตมป์จะเพิ่ม 43.51% และอื่น ๆ จะเพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 23.91% ดังนั้น เราสามารถสรุปได้ว่าภาษีเงินได้ปิโตรเลียมเพิ่มขึ้นมากที่สุด ภาษีธุรกิจเฉพาะลดลงได้ จากข้อมูลปี 2004-2014 เราจะเห็นว่า ภาษีเงินได้บุคคลจะเพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 197.91% ภาษีเงินได้นิติบุคคลได้เพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 117.69% ภาษีเงินได้ปิโตรเลียมจะลดลงประมาณ 219.91% ภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มได้เพิ่ม 125.07% ภาษีธุรกิจเฉพาะเป็น 165.31% ลดลง อากรแสตมป์จะเพิ่ม 71.43% และอื่น ๆ จะเพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 21.80% ดังนั้น เราสามารถสรุปได้ว่าภาษีรายได้ส่วนบุคคลเพิ่มขึ้นมากที่สุด ภาษีเงินได้ปิโตรเลียมคือการ ลด สุดท้าย คุณสามารถดูว่า ภาษีซื้อที่ถูกยกเลิกเนื่องจากภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มและภาษีธุรกิจแทนได้ ซื้อเป็นการยากที่จะรวบรวม และง่ายต่อการแบกรับภาษีกรมสรรพสามิตมีความรับผิดชอบการเกณฑ์ กรมสรรพสามิตเกณฑ์จากประเภทต่าง ๆ ของการ เรียกภาษีสรรพสามิต สินค้าและบริการบางอย่างทำลายสุขภาพ สินค้าและบริการบางอย่างได้ immoral สินค้าและบริการบางอย่างดูเหมือน สินค้ามีมากเกินไป บางสินค้าและบริการผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม นั่นคือเหตุผลที่เหมาะสมกับเกณฑ์ทั้งหมดข้างต้นในอัตราที่สูง ผู้ผลิต ผู้ประกอบการ ผู้นำเข้ามีความรับผิดชอบการชำระภาษีสรรพสามิต จากข้อมูลปี 1994-2004 เราสามารถสรุปได้ว่า ภาษีสรรพสามิตขึ้นอยู่กับปริมาณการใช้ ถ้าคุณบริโภคสินค้าและบริการเพิ่มเติม คุณจะต้องจ่ายภาษีเป็นสัดส่วนมากขึ้น ร้อยละ 90 ของภาษีสรรพสามิตภาษีน้ำมัน ภาษียาสูบ ภาษีสุรา ภาษีรถยนต์ได้ เปอร์เซ็นต์การเปลี่ยนแปลงในปี 1994 และปี 2004 มีบิตการเปลี่ยนแปลงประมาณ 1-7 เปอร์เซ็นต์ เบียร์ภาษีเพิ่มมากกว่าคนอื่นประมาณร้อยละ 7 จะแสดงขึ้นในการใช้เบียร์ มันเพิ่มจาก 8.84 ร้อยละ 15.50 แม้ว่ารัฐบาลจะปรับโครงสร้างภาษีสุรา มันไม่มีผลต่อการบริโภคเบียร์ ในขณะที่สัดส่วนของการขึ้นภาษีเบียร์ อื่น ๆ ภาษีลดลง แสดงการเปลี่ยนแปลงพฤติกรรมผู้บริโภค กรมกำหนดเองดำเนินการนำเข้า และส่งออกดูแลภาษี แผนกเองปกป้อง และไม่ใส่ผู้ร้ายแผนกเอง กรมกำหนดเองดำเนินการควบคุมและผู้ให้การสนับสนุนการนำเข้าและส่งออก กรมกำหนดเองดำเนินการคุ้มครองผลประโยชน์ของประเทศและประชาชน จากข้อมูลปี 1994 และปี 2004 จะแสดงการเปลี่ยนแปลงในจำนวนภาษีเงิน ภาษีนำเข้าลดประมาณ 1 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ภาษีเพิ่มขึ้นเล็กน้อยประมาณ 0.21 เปอร์เซ็นต์แสดงภาคการส่งออกในประเทศไทยว่ามีจำนวนส่งออกต่ำกว่าการนำเข้าการส่งออก ในส่วนของการปันส่วนรายได้ ภาษีเงินได้ถูกปันส่วนเป็นองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดในปี 2004 ได้ประมาณร้อยละ 0.49 ของภาษีรายได้ทั้งหมดวิธีการเปลี่ยนแปลงโครงสร้างภาษีตรงกับการพัฒนาประเทศ-เหมาะสม หรือไม่ ทำไม1. จากตารางชุดภาษี เราจะเห็นรัฐบาลสามารถเก็บภาษีมากขึ้น (1994, 2004 และ 2014) ที่เหมาะสมเนื่องจากมวลรวมผลิตภัณฑ์ภายในประเทศ (GDP) เพิ่มขึ้น และว่างงาน ลดลง แล้ว ภาษีตามปริมาณและรายได้จะเพิ่มขึ้นเสงี่ยมเนื่องจากรัฐบาลเก็บภาษีนี้มากขึ้น และสามารถใช้จ่ายเงินสำหรับผู้ดูแลระบบ และพัฒนาประเทศของเรา2. รัฐบาลภายใต้ Yingluck ชินวัตรได้ลดภาษีรายได้นิติบุคคล (เมือง) จาก 30% ถึง 23% และ 20% ในปี 2013 นั้น ดังนั้น เราสามารถดูการเก็บภาษีในปี 2557 ลดลง กรณีนี้เหมาะเพราะเมื่อลดภาษีบริษัท งานแข่งขันรวมทั้งเพิ่มการส่งออก และดึงดูดการลงทุนโดยตรงต่างประเทศ3. Because government adjusts tax structure and The Personal Income Tax (PIT) decreases. So, we can see the tax collection in 2014 had decreased from last year. This case is suitable matching the country because when The Personal Income Tax rate decrease, and people got to keep more of their incomes from work or investment, so effectively there have more money to consume more goods and services and then economy expansion.4. Some kinds of taxes are cancelled because they are double taxation. It is suitable because that has already been taxed and is also easy to collect. For instance, government cuts the sale tax off because the sale tax include in Value Added Tax (VAT)5. Customs duty or tariff structure for increasing international trade: Main components of customs duty are import duty, export duty and others. From comparison of customs duty structure for 3 years we found that customs duty structure of 3 years are the same such as import duty rate is almost 100% and export duty rate and others are not over 5%. So, we can conclude that customs duty structure is suitable. Because setting of import duty rate at highest level is prevention and support of domestic trade for Thai people. On the contrary, if import duty is decreased, it will affect to Thai economy that decreasing of Thai people income because of more competition. Thai GDP will decrease in the next and more unemployment at last. In export duty rate at low level, we can conclude that setting at low level to give opportunity for Thai businesses have to export more, get more income and increase international competitiveness.6. Changes of new tax based for adjust to economy status: We will focus on tax structure of the revenue department about personal income tax which has high level, corporate tax which has higher level, and value added tax (VAT) which has highest level. In personal and corporate income tax, we can found that the rate is slightly decreased in 3 years. Because Thai government want to stimulate Thai economy for example exemption from tax for SMEs or some business which have low net income to give opportunity for many business to easy come into the market, increasing competitiveness in the next, economic growth, and more investment from foreigners in long-run. So, we can conclude that corporate income tax in suitable but personal income tax is still very high around 35% when compare with other countries in ASEAN. In VAT, we can found that it has highest level around 40% and is main revenue of government. VAT is suitable at rate 7% because we think VAT can show the ability to pay for that people clearly and decreasing problem of personal income tax that Thai people may be lower to work if tax is high. But, for VAT, Thai people will work harder to get more income to substitute more expenditure or who have more income, will pay more and who have less income, will pay less. We think that it’s fair and suitable. Moreover, we think that news about “change VAT 7% to 10% in the future from National and Order Maintaining council” may not be fair and suitable for some people who have many responsibilities. And, we think that VAT rate 7% is more suitable and can push or stimulate economy at same. But, it still depends on ability to collect to be efficient and cover.7. Income tax based vs. consumption tax or VAT based: For Thailand, income tax based may not be efficient because everyone doesn’t to pay tax to be equal and complete. For example, vendors on footpath are not to pay tax because income is not clear and con not check. At the same time, firm workers must to pay tax although firm workers may have the same amount of income like vendors in footpath. Therefore, we think that consumption tax based is more suitable than income tax base because everyone needs to consume. So, who have more, consume more and who have less, consume less. But, tax structure in Thailand is very complicate for VAT and will cause the problem to the latest consumers that will cause to country development also. 8. Local sectors have more power to collect and allocate tax by themselves (Decentralized): From our opinion, if central government gives power to local sectors about tax such as local development tax, house and building tax and signboard tax, the local sectors are easier and faster to allocate and develop more and more. Moreover, Thai economy will be growth because each provinces want to promote own province for own higher income. But, the central must be sure that the local sectors have ability to allocate to be efficient or the central should send representatives to control instead.Finally, tax structure changes in 1994, 2004 and 2014 to match the country development and status in each year such as stimulate domestic trade; improve income distribution, and others. But, it still not efficient because the period between this three years are very far. At last, we found that why country development is not efficient because of collecting system which is not cover and fair. We must solve at the first of the process to stimulate economy to be growth and sustainable in long-run. Country Corporate income tax Personal income tax Value added tax
Singapore 17% 20% 7%
Cambodia 20% 20% 10%
Thailand 20% 35% 7%
Brunei Darussalam 20%
Lao PDR 24% 25% 10%
Malaysia 25% 28% sales10%/service6%
Indonesia 25% 30% 10%
Viet Nam 25% 35% 10%
Philippines 30% 32% 12%
Myanmar 30% 40% commercial tax3-100%
Suggestion and Recommendation
Tax is the main or major part of the government income. It is used to compensate the government spending. One could say that “no tax, no development”. So the amount of money collected each year is very important. But, the question is who paid that amount of money?
Following to the 2012 personal income tax payers’ data base, there are 66 million Thais, only 9.79 million people who file the compliant to pay tax while the other 56.21
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