Geomagnetic activity and brightenings of the Earth’s auroral
emissions are controlled primarily by the interaction of the solar
wind with the Earth’s magnetic field. Geomagnetic substorms occur
during intervals of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF),
permitting reconnection between the IMF and geomagnetic fields.
Substorms are manifested as bright auroral emissions, which
typically shift the brightened auroral oval to lower latitudes and
also fill in the midnight sector of the oval1. The Earth’s auroral
oval is adjacent to and equatorward of the boundary between open
and closed magnetic field lines, and its statistical location is fixed
with respect to the solar wind direction rather than rotating with
the planet. By contrast2, Jupiter’s main auroral oval occupies field
The brightness of Saturn’s auroral emissions, the size of its
magnetosphere, and its magnetic moment all exceed those at the
Earth and are less than those at Jupiter (Table 1). Because
Geomagnetic activity and brightenings of the Earth’s auroralemissions are controlled primarily by the interaction of the solarwind with the Earth’s magnetic field. Geomagnetic substorms occurduring intervals of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF),permitting reconnection between the IMF and geomagnetic fields.Substorms are manifested as bright auroral emissions, whichtypically shift the brightened auroral oval to lower latitudes andalso fill in the midnight sector of the oval1. The Earth’s auroraloval is adjacent to and equatorward of the boundary between openand closed magnetic field lines, and its statistical location is fixedwith respect to the solar wind direction rather than rotating withthe planet. By contrast2, Jupiter’s main auroral oval occupies fieldThe brightness of Saturn’s auroral emissions, the size of itsmagnetosphere, and its magnetic moment all exceed those at theEarth and are less than those at Jupiter (Table 1). Because
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