depth user surveys. . In the absence of such detailed information the alternative is to we introduce these attributes as stand-alone categorical variables. TRANSFER TIME Due to the uncertainties that may arise during transfer, the transfer time is usually more heavily weighted than in-vehicle traveling time. The higher weight reflects 1) effort involved, such as walking; 2) reliability issue and the uncertainty regarding the intermodal connection being made. Therefore, if one enters into a coordinated system then the weight should be less than in an uncoordinated connection between different modes. ACCESS TIME/ACCESSIBILITY From our definition, access time acts in a similar manner as the transfer time in user’s perception. Meanwhile, access time is a measure of accessibility, especially in public transportation. Maintaining adequate public transit accessibility is a responsibility of the government, and also a concern of the transit agency. The issue of accessibility also involves the equity issue. WAITING TIME The waiting time is usually heavily weighted, partly because people usually perceive it as a waste of time. At the same time, safety problem may arise during waiting, especially for modes such as bus with a significant crime rate at the stop, which gives more reason to assign heavier weight to waiting time in decision-making. Scheduling and coordination may help improve the negative impact of waiting. Also as the concept is widely adopted, in public transportation, the waiting time is usually directly related to transit headway or service frequency. However, from the perspective of the agencies, what is perceived is the increased cost of increasing service frequency. TOTAL TRAVEL TIME The definition of each element allows some overlapping and should be case-sensitive. Even with all the weighting factors being considered, the evaluation of total travel time in the utility function may still follow non-linear pattern. As it appears in existing literature, people’s budget (money and time) per day is limited, and therefore, when the travel time exists a certain level, there can be a sudden increase in value of time. The same issue applies to monetary cost. However, the problem is never analyzed into depth from this perspective, and should be a point of research interest in future. 3.3.2 Monetary Cost The measurement of monetary cost is rather direct, and clearly additive. Complications involved in the issue mainly lies in how the user perceives to the cost. The monetary cost can be directly out of pocket, or less perceivable. At the same time, bundle between agencies may affect the perception too