Another set of questions concerns the mechanisms by which ATCV-1 might be associated with alterations in cognitive functioning. Although the exact mechanisms of the behavioral changes in the exposed host remain unclear, the observed cognitive deficits are unlikely to be related to sickness behavior, as no overt signs of malaise were noted in exposed mice. Similar to a number of other microbial infections, we think that both direct and indirect effects of pathogens could play a role (e.g., refs. 40–42). The finding of alterations in several pathways involved in antigen processing
and immune cell functioning in the hippocampus of mice exposed to ATCV-1 (Table S3 and Figs. S4–S6) suggests that immune Mechanisms may be involved, as have been documented in other biological systems (43). We found evidence of an immune response to ATCV-1 in about 35% of mice exposed to ATCV-1 when measured 6 mo following a single exposure. Thus, our serological and gene expression data implicate immune response to ACTV-1 as a mechanism underlying the cognitive deficits. It is conceivable
that immune activation produced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that affected neuronal functioning, leading to behavioral abnormalities. In this context, both shared and unique profiles of cytokine up-regulation have been shown for various microbial infections (Borna virus vs. Toxoplasma), and it is plausible that differential neurobehavioral outcomes of different microbial infections may be at least in part explained by unique “signatures” of cytokine expression (44).
Another set of questions concerns the mechanisms by which ATCV-1 might be associated with alterations in cognitive functioning. Although the exact mechanisms of the behavioral changes in the exposed host remain unclear, the observed cognitive deficits are unlikely to be related to sickness behavior, as no overt signs of malaise were noted in exposed mice. Similar to a number of other microbial infections, we think that both direct and indirect effects of pathogens could play a role (e.g., refs. 40–42). The finding of alterations in several pathways involved in antigen processing
and immune cell functioning in the hippocampus of mice exposed to ATCV-1 (Table S3 and Figs. S4–S6) suggests that immune Mechanisms may be involved, as have been documented in other biological systems (43). We found evidence of an immune response to ATCV-1 in about 35% of mice exposed to ATCV-1 when measured 6 mo following a single exposure. Thus, our serological and gene expression data implicate immune response to ACTV-1 as a mechanism underlying the cognitive deficits. It is conceivable
that immune activation produced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that affected neuronal functioning, leading to behavioral abnormalities. In this context, both shared and unique profiles of cytokine up-regulation have been shown for various microbial infections (Borna virus vs. Toxoplasma), and it is plausible that differential neurobehavioral outcomes of different microbial infections may be at least in part explained by unique “signatures” of cytokine expression (44).
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